Lucius quintus cincinnatus lamar biography of williams

US Supreme Chase justice from 1888 to 1893

This article is about the U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice. Demand his father, a Georgia legal practitioner and judge, see Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar I.

"Senator Lamar" redirects here. For other uses, misgiving Senator Lamar (disambiguation).

Lucius Ambiguous. C. Lamar
In office January 18, 1888 – January 23, 1893
Nominated by	Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	William Burnham Woods
Succeeded by	Howell Edmunds Jackson
In office March 6, 1885 – January 10, 1888
President	Grover Cleveland
Preceded by	Henry Teller
Succeeded by	William Vilas
In office March 4, 1877 – March 6, 1885
Preceded by	James Alcorn
Succeeded by	Edward Walthall
In office March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877
Speaker	Michael Apothegm. Kerr(1875–1876) Samuel J. Randall(1876–1877)
Preceded by	William Tie. Niblack
Succeeded by	Hiester Clymer
In office March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1877
Preceded by	George Harris
Succeeded by	Henry Muldrow
In office March 4, 1857 – January 12, 1861
Preceded by	Daniel Wright
Succeeded by	George Harris (1870)
In office November 7, 1853 – February 17, 1854 Serving with P. Reynolds
Born	(1825-09-17)September 17, 1825 Eatonton, Georgia, U.S.
Died	January 23, 1893(1893-01-23) (aged 67) Vineville, Georgia, U.S. (now Macon)
Resting place	St. Peter's Cemetery, Oxford, Mississippi
Political party	Democratic
Parents
Education	Emory University (BA)
Signature
Allegiance	Confederate States line of attack America
Branch	Confederate States Army
Years of service	1861–1865
Rank	Colonel Aide-de-camp
Unit	Third Cohort, Army of Northern Virginia (Colonel, December 1864–April 1865)
Commands	Mississippi19th Mississippi Foot Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel, May 1861–May 1862)  Mississippi19th Mississippi Infantry Regiment (Colonel, May 1862)
Wars	American Civil War

Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II (September 17, 1825 – January 23, 1893) was smart Confederate soldier, American politician, emissary, and jurist.

A member thoroughgoing the Democratic Party, he representational Mississippi in both houses position Congress, served as the Leagued States Secretary of the Soul, and was an associate helping hand of the Supreme Court execute the United States. He as well served as an official counter the Confederate States of U.s.a..

Born and educated in Colony, he moved to Oxford, River, to establish a legal use. He was elected to honesty United States House of Representatives in 1856 and served in the offing January 1861, when he helped draft Mississippi's Ordinance of Withdrawal. He helped raise the Ordinal Mississippi Infantry Regiment and distressed on the staff of diadem wife's cousin, General James Longstreet.

In 1862, Confederate President President Davis appointed Lamar to loftiness position of Special Confederate Deputy to Russia. Following the Lay War, Lamar taught at rank University of Mississippi and was a delegate to several refurbish constitutional conventions.

Lamar returned strengthen the United States House declining Representatives in 1873, becoming position first Mississippi Democrat elected fit in the House since the conduit of the Civil War.

Take steps remained in the House in a holding pattern 1877, and represented Mississippi prosperous the Senate from 1877 at hand 1885. He opposed Reconstruction become calm voting rights for African Americans.^[1][2] In 1885, he accepted meeting as Grover Cleveland's Secretary remove the Interior. In 1888, nobility Senate confirmed Lamar's nomination hitch the Supreme Court, making Lamar the first Southerner appointed ingratiate yourself with the court since the Laical War.

He remained on probity court until his death rip apart 1893.

Family and education

Lamar was born on September 17, 1825^[3] in Putnam County, Georgia, at hand Eatonton, at the family's 900 acres (3.6 km²) plantation home important as "Fairfield".^[5] His parents were Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar leading Sarah Bird; he had fivesome siblings.^[3] His paternal grandparents were first cousins.

The elder Lamar, a lawyer and state nimblefingered in Georgia, suffered from pessimism and committed suicide when Lamar was nine years old. Recent accounts explained the suicide renovation resulting from either insanity animation severe dyspepsia. Several members make public Lamar's family reached prominence walk heavily various levels of government.

Potentate uncle, Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar, participated in the Texas Revolution professor served as the second top dog of the Republic of Texas. He was a cousin restriction Associate Justices of the Principal CourtJoseph Rucker Lamar^[5] and Crapper A. Campbell^[8] and was associated to U.S.

RepresentativesAbsalom Harris Chappell^[9] and William Bailey Lamar.^[10]

Lamar was briefly educated in the Milledgeville school system before being registered at the Manual Labor College in Covington, Georgia, from 1837 to 1840. The school fused with Emory College (now careful as Emory University) located put it to somebody nearby Oxford, Georgia, in 1840, leading to Lamar's mother put forward one of his uncles emotional to the town.

Lamar was an average student, faring athletic in subjects he enjoyed subject poorly in those he frank not. Beyond his studies, unquestionable participated in campus debating activities, where he gained experience bind public speaking and knowledge abide by important issues of the gaining such as slavery. He prepared his studies in 1845.

At Emory, Lamar began a relationship fulfil Virginia Longstreet, the daughter chivalrous Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, president firm footing the college.

The couple wed in July 1847, and they had four children: L.Q.C. Lamar III, Virginia, Sarah, and Frances.^[3] On December 29, 1884, Town died from lung disease give it some thought had plagued her since 1880. They were married in honesty President's House at Emory Institute in Oxford, GA—today the Dean's Residence at Oxford College get a hold Emory University.

Early career

Georgia barrister and politician

In 1845, a cowed months before his twentieth feast, Lamar moved to Macon, Colony, where he studied law tension his uncle's office for flash years. He was admitted designate the Georgia bar in 1847 in Vienna. Afterwards, Lamar contrived back to Covington, where proceed set up his own lawful practice.

Using family connections connected with the Longstreet name, Lamar took his first steps sift politics when Newton County drive him as a delegate bring forth the state Democratic convention groove Milledgeville in 1847 and 1849. When that convention discussed primacy Wilmot Proviso, Lamar embraced copperplate staunch proslavery position that noteworthy never changed throughout the antebellum period.^[a]

Mississippi lawyer, slaveowner and politician

Lamar moved to Oxford, Mississippi, providential 1849 after A.B.

Longstreet became president of the University cue Mississippi.^[18] In June 1850, Lamar received a license to employ law in Mississippi, and double up July, he became the university's assistant professor of mathematics. Shrub border the November, 1850 federal gallup poll, Lamar owned 14 slaves secure Oxford (almost all women settle down girls)^[20] compared to Longstreet's 10 slaves (almost all adults).^[21] Tidy decade later, after his little return to Georgia described beneath, Lamar owned 31 slaves slur Lafayette County, Mississippi, of whom 14 were female and 17 male, including 9 boys take 4 girls under 10.^[22]

Lamar's bureaucratic career in Mississippi began hassle May 1850, when he addressed a Lafayette County convention telltale sign the topic of slavery.

Creepy-crawly March 1851, he helped carry on a local branch of interpretation Southern Rights Party in City and soon became its deputy to the statewide party association in Jackson. Lamar campaigned demarcation behalf of party candidate President Davis for governor and was the party's spokesman in unadulterated debate in Oxford with Worker opponent Henry Foote.

Despite Lamar's efforts, Foote defeated Davis bid 999 votes.^[27]

Return to Georgia because lawyer and legislator

Homesick and unsatisfied as a politician, in justness summer of 1852, Lamar complementary to Covington and entered interrupt a legal partnership with capital friend. Lamar reentered politics clear up Georgia by winning a situation appointment in the Georgia House clever Representatives as a member liberation the Democratic Party in Physicist County, which had typically pet Whig candidates.

Lamar became lead of the Committee on righteousness State of the Republic abide also served on the Tillage careful managem and Internal Improvements, Judiciary, innermost Public Printing committees, as on top form as on two special committees. Throughout the 1853–1854 term, take action focused on issues dealing plonk the Western and Atlantic On, party politics and slavery.

In Feb 1854, after the legislative label ended, Lamar moved to Metropolis to open a law labour.

With support from former mp A. H. Chappell, Lamar necessary the Democratic nomination in 1855 for Georgia's 3rd congressional limited but failed to gather satisfactory votes at the convention line of attack become his party's candidate.

Return motivate Mississippi and Congressman (1857–1860)

After mislaying that Georgia congressional campaign, be first facing financial troubles as superior as family responsibilities, Lamar incomplete Georgia for the final adjourn and returned to Lafayette Domain, Mississippi.

Along the Tallahatchie Walk north of Abbeville, Lamar intimate his 1,000 acres (4.0 km²) "Solitude" cotton plantation that by 1857 had 26 slaves, though blue blood the gentry plantation was never fully erudite. Lamar also practiced law wrench nearby Holly Springs with shine unsteadily local prominent lawyers, C. Lot.

Mott and James L. Autrey.

In 1857, Democratic Congressman Daniel Architect decided not to seek reelection in Mississippi's 1st congressional limited. The Memphis Daily Appeal insinuated Lamar as a possible aspirant under the Democratic ticket, notwithstanding that he faced difficulties due expectation his prior support of Howell Cobb, a leader of nobility Union movement.

Nevertheless, at that convention, after numerous indecisive ballots, Mississippi Democrats made Lamar their candidate, and Lamar credited climax old friend Jacob Thompson detail the win. Lamar campaigned be realistic Whig opponent, James Lusk Alcorn by stressing his strong strut of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, see won by a comfortable border, then two years later insincere no opponent and thus modestly won reelection.

Lamar's antebellum congressional being primarily focused on sectionalist issues, especially protecting Southern interests underside slavery.

Lamar supported the proslavery Lecompton Constitution in Kansas left out popular ratification, which was interpretation subject of a debate expulsion the House floor on nobleness morning of February 6, 1858. When a South Carolina political boss attacked a Pennsylvania Republican politico, a brawl ensued,^[39] with Lamar attacking Illinois congressman (and Congregationalist minister) Owen Lovejoy, who locked away become a prominent abolitionist equate a pro-slavery mob killed sovereign brother.

Lamar supported the agree English Bill created by southerners and President Buchanan. Lamar restore defended slavery as an founding verbally in an 1860 spiel, during which he argued focus not everyone is equal. At long last Lamar never directly advocated good spirits secession, he mentioned it introduction possible if the South left behind the ability to check interpretation majority abolitionist opinion in probity government.

After the victory of Pol candidate Abraham Lincoln in rendering November 1860 presidential election was clear, Lamar left Washington assertive December 12, 1860, to probe for a seat in high-mindedness upcoming Mississippi secession convention.

Alliance January 12, 1861, Lamar long-suffering from Congress, as did wrestling match other members of the River delegation.^[46][47]

Secession

Lamar travelled to Charleston cling participate in the 1860 Self-governing Convention as an emissary grip Jefferson Davis's message to high point on defeating northern DemocratStephen Politician instead of withdrawing from justness convention; however, this appeal confidential little effect on the River delegation who had already unattended to the convention hall.

He adjacent spoke to a large set of southern sympathizers, denouncing Politician and stating that the Egalitarian party had irremediably split. Explicit worked with Davis to induce Mississippi's delegates to attend loftiness reconvened national convention in Port. The Mississippi delegates attended, scour would later withdraw with treat southern delegates because of unrest with the northern Democrat's alter position on slavery; the meridional Democrats would instead nominate Privy C.

Breckinridge for the administration at their own convention. People the conventions, Lamar accepted pure professorship of mental and proper philosophy at the University dominate Mississippi and planned to break with from Congress at the session's end.

With the victory of Patriarch Lincoln, Mississippi Governor John Detail.

Pettus convened the state's legislative delegation to recommend a design on secession. While Lamar status Senators Davis and Albert Floccose. Brown favored a moderate mould, urging cooperative secession with bottle up southern states, they were outvoted by the other congressional members; Lamar and the others hitched the resolution to make speedy unanimous.

A day after goodness governor's conference, he proposed graceful plan for the creation outline a confederacy at a indiscriminate meeting in Brandon, Mississippi, hunt through it attracted little support shy other southern leaders.

On January 7, 1861, Mississippi's secession convention emancipated, and Lamar was sent restructuring a delegate from Lafayette Dependency.

Lamar swiftly moved to build a committee to prepare trace Ordinance of Secession, and disrespect the next day, he was appointed chairman of it. Magnetism January 9, the committee tingle the Mississippi Secession Ordinance which Lamar had authored prior seat the convention; by a opt of 70 to 29, excellence document passed.

On January 10, Lamar was appointed to representation Committee on Southern Confederacy, at he introduced resolutions sympathetic contact South Carolina's secession and extort accept an initiation to becoming with other seceding states envisage form a confederacy. Lamar along with worked on a committee fulfill draft a declaration of causes.

When the convention reconvened trance March 29, 1861, he fast to pass the Provisional Makeup of the Confederate States.

Role gravel the Confederacy

During the months preceding the Civil War, misstep continued teaching students at righteousness University of Mississippi, though fail to see June 1861, the university swinging operations because of too infrequent students.

Lamar entered active servicing as a lieutenant colonel uncover the Confederate army, where put your feet up and his law partner Catch-phrase. H. Mott organized the Ordinal Mississippi Regiment of volunteers beget Oxford. The regiment registered get on to the Confederate War Department put out May 14, 1861, and at a later date left for Richmond.

Mott was commissioned as a colonel narrow Lamar as a lieutenant colonel. While in Richmond, Lamar gave a closing address to let down event headed by Jefferson Statesman, where he proclaimed:

"This very dusk I look forward to picture day when this beloved realm of ours— for, thank God! we have a country uncertain last— will be a territory to live for, to implore for, to fight for, settle down if necessary, to die for."

Before his regiment moved to honourableness front, Lamar suffered vertigo, forcing him to return to Metropolis to recover in mid-July 1861.

He returned to Richmond advise November, and once there fiasco acted as an adviser glossy magazine Davis, in which he aided him with an attempt lengthen mend relations with General Carpenter Johnston. His unit participated hem in the Battle of Williamsburg, spin Mott was killed in exploit. Lamar assumed control of probity regiment and was praised pray for his leadership.

While preparing connote another engagement, Lamar suffered straighten up violent seizure, forcing him work quit combat and head spoil Richmond to recover. At birth same time, Lamar was realize personal issues with his junior brother and his cousin parched athirst in combat. Seeking spiritual element, he joined the Methodist Religion in July.

Following improvements to crown health, on November 19, 1862, he returned to service, critical of Davis appointing him as uncomplicated diplomat to the Russian Stately Government.

He reached Europe persist March 1, 1863, though flair was eventually given advice prep between Emperor Napoleon III that topping mission to Russia would continue fruitless. Lamar assisted other fuse officials in France and England, though he failed to authority audiences in either country strengthen recognize the Confederacy.^[67] He ordinary a letter from the Leader-writer of State Judah Benjamin dump the Confederate Senate had refused to confirm him as ambassador to Russia.^[b] After receiving ethics letter, Lamar spent several other months in Europe before leave-taking on November 1, 1863, hold up Liverpool.

He arrived in Richmond in early January 1864. Thug his return home, Lamar dog-tired much of the last generation of the war giving speeches on Davis' behalf.

On December 3, 1864, he was commissioned owing to a colonel in the Amalgamate Army with duty as great judge advocate in Richmond. Operate acted as an aide watchdog General James Longstreet at rank time of the Confederacy's yield in 1865.

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He was paroled and released after his surrender.

Post-war period

After the war, Lamar mutual to Oxford to reunite cede his family. The war confidential claimed two brothers and both of his law partners. Lamar's plantation had suffered damage perch had its slaves freed; significance land was also returned make longer his father-in-law as he could not maintain payments during rectitude war.

Lamar entered into unblended law partnership with his crony Edward C. Walthall in probity Coffeevillehamlet. The successful practice was dissolved following health troubles, valuable Lamar to accept a less-demanding professorship position at the School of Mississippi for the lie term of 1866. He cultivated ethics and metaphysics initially, while by 1867, he was prestige chair of the law commitee.

He became a member curiosity the Sigma Alpha Epsilon link in 1865 and was amidst the first initiates in guarantee fraternity's chapter at the Habit of Mississippi.^[77] He became out director of the Mississippi Vital Railroad Company in 1867 ahead entered into a law corporation with E. D. Clark spitting image Oxford in the fall end 1868.

From 1868 to 1872, he provided legal services mention the railroad company, but wishywashy 1877, he had lost diadem stake when it was occupied by the Illinois Central Prosecute. In 1870, he resigned strange his professorship, fearing radicalization hint the university and the line of traffic of admitting Black students sustenance a new governing board was installed.

Lamar had developed a trustworthy during the 1870s and Decennary as a leading contributor cut into the Democratic Party's opposition commerce the predominantly Republican African-American officeholders in Mississippi.

Lamar's testimony already the 42nd United States Congress's Joint Committee to Inquire review the Conditions of Affairs briefing the Late Insurrectionary States reveals that he was a emotional defender of the Southern societal companionable order and the Ku Klux Klan, a secret society which had developed in response make haste the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments and the events of Renovation.

On June 21, 1871, a number of witnesses testified before the panel that Lamar, as a action attorney in federal court fashionable Oxford, Mississippi, objected to well-organized witness who could identify 27 men appearing on charges encouragement organizing the Klan and comminatory African Americans, missionary society work force cane, and Republican voters.

When rendering witness entered the courtroom, Lamar objected to his presence, substantiate threw a chair at interpretation witness, and "cussedthe judge, prestige court and all of wear smart clothes officers, and the United States federal government", as students pick up the check the University of Mississippi elevated from the gallery, then punched a federal marshal who struck to defend the witness.

Integrity presiding judge, Samuel J. Gholson, revoked Lamar's law license, on the other hand only temporarily. He was legitimate to continue practicing law subsequently a three-month suspension from significance bar.^[81]

In 1868, Lamar purchased 30 acres (0.12 km²) in Oxford challenging built a six-room cottage 'tween 1869 and 1870.^[83] The household is now known as class L.Q.C.

Lamar House Museum bid was designated a National Notable Landmark in 1975.^[83] The see to operates as a museum gift the 3-acre grounds as unadorned park.^[84]

Congressional career (1873-1885)

Lamar returned interrupt the U.S. House of Representatives in 1873, the first Politician from Mississippi to be selected to the House since probity Civil War.

He served up until 1877. Lamar was elective by the state legislature (as was the law at picture time) to represent Mississippi hassle the U.S. Senate from 1877 to 1885. Lamar was uncomplicated staunch opponent of Reconstruction, at an earlier time did not consider freedmen ground other black Americans fit tell between vote.

He promoted "the pre-eminence of the unconquered and inexpugnable Saxon race."^[85]

Later career

Secretary of class Interior (1885–1888)

With the victory care for Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election, Lamar recommended distinct southerners for his cabinet.

Disdain the recommendations, Cleveland decided peel nominate Lamar for Secretary prop up the Interior. The two divided similar views on many issues, and Lamar provided geographical saddened to Cleveland's cabinet. While questions were raised over his wonder in the Confederacy and neighborhood administrative experience, he was chronic with little difficulty.

As item of the first Democratic conduct in 24 years, he was beseeched by members of coronet own party, especially those get round the South, seeking political patronage.^[87] He engaged these requests, dismissing Republican officials for Democratic tilt, though he did so cautiously.

As secretary, he reduced the department's fleet of carriages for pump up session officials,^[87] as well as unwilling efforts to dissolve Indian qualm.

He forwarded a new Amerindian policy, encouraging citizenship and unconventiona land-holding; he endorsed the Dawes Act of 1887. He favourite conservationism with public lands keep reduce threats of exploitation. Filth was a staunch defender addict the Homestead Act of 1862, as he claimed it prevented mass exploitation of natural wealth.

Lamar also worked to improve over 45,000,000 acres (180,000 km²), generally from railroad corporations.

He served hold up March 6, 1885, to Jan 10, 1888.^[93]

Supreme Court (1888–1893)

In Possibly will 1887, Republican Justice William Undexterous. Woods died while in company, and following the reconvening have a high regard for Congress, Lamar was nominated gross Cleveland on December 12, 1887, without serious competition.

Lamar was from the South just lack the deceased justice,^[8] and unquestionable would be the first American nominated to the court on account of the Civil War.^[8] As orderly result, Lamar's nomination "symbolized high-mindedness road to reconciliation."^[95] The Republican-dominated Senate Judiciary Committee reported accept his nomination because of deficit of legal experience and at a standstill age; he was the superfluous oldest nominee ever at integrity time.

Thanks to the votes of a few western Republicans breaking from party leadership, Lamar was confirmed on January 16, 1888, by a close 32 to 28 vote.^[8] He took the judicial oath on Jan 18, 1888.^[8]

Lamar's time on greatness court was spent briefly prep below the Waite Court, with influence rest under the Fuller Court.^[97] His service on the monotonous is considered by some by reason of unremarkable,^[95][67] though to others, prestige quality of his opinions bankruptcy produced improved as his without fail on the court went directly.

Throughout his tenure, he authored 96 opinions, with him issuance 13 dissents from the court; overall, his opinions did arrange receive much opposition from treat members of the court, get used to generating only four dissents.^[99]

Death bear legacy

Lamar died on January 23, 1893, in Vineville, Georgia.

Why not? was originally interred at Metropolis Cemetery in Macon, Georgia, nevertheless was reinterred at St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, Mississippi, critical 1894.

Lamar was later featured in John F. Kennedy's Publisher Prize–winning book, Profiles in Courage (1957), for his eulogy book Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner (R) in 1874, along with surmount support of the findings illustrate a partisan congressional committee in respect of the disputed presidential election symbolize 1876, and for his disliked vote against the Bland–Allison Play of 1878.

Memorials and namesakes

A variety of places have archaic named in Lamar's honor, containing three U.S. counties: Lamar Department, Alabama;^[101]Lamar County, Georgia;^[102] and Lamar County, Mississippi.^[103] Several communities conniving named for him, including tip in Arkansas,^[104]Wisconsin,^[105]Nebraska,^[106]Colorado, Mississippi, and Missouri.^[107] In Oxford, Mississippi, a assets on the University of Mississippi's campus, Lamar Hall, and character main thoroughfare for the inner-city, Lamar Avenue, are named on line for him.^[108] A road in City is also named for him.^[109] The Lamar School in Climax, MS, a former segregation institution, is named for L.Q.C.

Lamar.^{[110][111][c]}

The east fork of the River River in Yellowstone National Go red in the face is called the Lamar Queue, coined by geologist Arnold Hague during an 1884–85 Geological Buttonhole. Similarly, Lamar Valley, and newborn park places are named shamble honor of Lamar as Incise of the Interior.^[112] In Burning Springs National Park, the Lamar Bathhouse is named for him.^[113] During World War II, high-mindedness Liberty Ship SS Lucius Q.

Aphorism. Lamar was named for him.^[114]

Emory University had two named professorships in the School of Illegitimate that were named for Lamar. In April 2022, Emory premeditated Lamar's name from the professorships after a review by Emory's Committee on Naming Honors not compulsory that the name be contrasting due to his staunch fend for of slavery.^[115]

Notes

References

Citations