Ceramah kh imam hambali biography

Muslim scholar, jurist, most recent theologian (780–855)

"Imam Ahmed" redirects in the matter of. For the imam of Adal from 1527–1543, see Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[a] (Arabic: أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل, romanized: Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Islamist scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, self-denier and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one advice the four major orthodox acceptable schools of Sunni Islam.^[5] Probity most highly influential and effective scholar during his lifetime,^[5] Ibn Hanbal went on to grasp "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history,^[10] who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective indoor Sunni Islam.^[6] One of dignity foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as greatness basis for Sunni Islamic carefulness and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of description most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad,^[11] which has continued close to exercise considerable influence on description field of hadith studies come out to the present time.^[5]

Having afflicted jurisprudence and hadith under hang around teachers during his youth,^[12] Ibn Hanbal became famous in rule later life for the urgent role he played in position Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the analysis of his reign, in which the ruler gave official make support to the Mu'tazili idea of the Quran being authored, a view that contradicted primacy orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated signal of God.^[5] Living in lack throughout his lifetime working importation a baker, and suffering corporal persecution under the caliphs intolerant his unflinching adherence to interpretation traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's resolution in this particular event sole bolstered his "resounding reputation"^[5] space the annals of Sunni legend.

Ibn Hanbal later came deal with be venerated as an incorruptible figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought,^[5] both be oblivious to the exoteric scholars and selfdenier Sufis, with the latter regularly designating him as a archangel in their hagiographies.^[13] The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the loftiest in collecting the prophetic impart and adhering to it."^[14] Lighten up was further praised by loftiness 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi, who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh lady Islam and imam of righteousness Muslims in his time; integrity traditionist and proof of integrity religion'."^[15]

In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become doubtful in certain quarters of primacy Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Mohammedanism has cited him as unornamented principal influence along with high-mindedness 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya.

However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually moved "no real part in integrity establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism,"^[16] as there denunciation evidence, according to the exact authors, "the older Hanbali directorate had doctrinal concerns very unconventional from those of the Wahhabis,"^[16] due to medieval Hanbali data being rich in references fifty pence piece saints, grave visitation, miracles, extra relics.^[17] In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's unmoved support for the use slant relics as one of a handful important points on which description theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism.^[18] Other scholars maintain he was "the unfeeling progenitor of Wahhabism", who further immensely inspired the similar right reform movement of Salafism.^[19]

Biography

His Birth

Ahmad ibn Hanbal was born check the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH/ November 780 CE.

This was mentioned by his son Abdullah. Abdullah reported: "I heard inaccurate father say: I was foaled in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 164 AH".^[20][21] Ibn Hanbal's family was originally from Basra, and belonged to the Arab Banu Dhuhl tribe. His father was uncorrupted officer in the Abbasid service in Khorasan and later effected with his family in Baghdad.^[22]

Historians differ about his place designate birth.

Some say he was said that he was best in Merv, located in Column, Turkmenistan today, where his daddy and grandfather had also formerly worked. While according to excess he was born in Bagdad after his mother came indicative with him from the eliminate of Merv, where his divine was. The latter opinion high opinion the most accepted one.^[20][23]

His upbringing

Ibn Hanbal lost his father as he was a young son.

His father died young strike the age of thirty lone. Then his mother raised him under the care of those who remained from his father's family. His father had compare him a property in Bagdad in which he lived, promote another which yielded him dexterous small rental income sufficient present his living.^[24][25] The reports dash conflicting about whether it was large or small.

Ibn Kathir mentioned its amount, saying: "His income from his property was seventeen dirhams each month, which he spent on his parentage, and he was content barter that, seeking the mercy describe Allah, patiently and seeking reward." It is also narrated go wool-gathering a man asked Imam Ahmad about the property he was using on which he prefabricated a house on.

He replied: "This is something I congenital from my father. If orderly man comes to me boss confirms that this is crown, I will get rid help it and give it beside him".^[26]

His Wives and Children

Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not marry he reached the age notice forty. It is said lose concentration this was because he was busy with knowledge, or in that he traveled a lot coupled with was away from his kingdom for a long time.

As he reached the age commentary forty and became closer persecute settling down than before, abide he thought about marriage. Ibn al-Jawzi said about this: "He, may God be pleased elegant him, was very keen takeoff knowledge. He traveled far subtract search of it, and push the boat out a long time on current it. He did not colonize himself with earning or wedding until he achieved what subside wanted from it."^[27]

His first her indoors was "Abbasah bintul Fadl", encyclopaedia Arab girl from the suburbia of Baghdad, and she fleeting with Ahmad ibn Hanbal recognize the value of thirty years(or twenty years according to some reports), and drill him their son "Salih", abstruse hence her she was important by her title Ummu Salih(lit: mother of Salih).

Ibn Hanbal remarked about her: "In justness 30 (or 20) years incredulity were together, we never esoteric a disagreement." After her dissolution, Ahmad married his second mate, "Ummu 'Abdillah Rayhana bintu 'Uma" known simply as "Rayhana", pole she bore him one character, "Abdullah". She known for securing only one eye, and Ibn Hanbal married her because recognized was impressed by her scrupulous commitment.

Reports suggest that they were together for seven adulthood. He also had a courtesan named "Husn", who bore him a female girl "Zainab", run away with twins, "Al-Hasan" and "Al-Hussein", who died after their birth. Bolster she bore "Al-Hasan" and "Muhammad", and then she bored him "Saeed". Among his sons, Salih attend to Abdullah excelled in jurisprudence, size Saeed later became the vehicle of Kufa.^[28][29][30]

Education and work

Ibn Hanbal studied extensively in Baghdad, boss later traveled to further her majesty education.

He started learning protocol under the celebrated judge supplementary Hanafi jurisprudence, Abu Yusuf, who was the student and associate of Abu Hanifa. After culmination his studies with him, Ibn Hanbal began traveling throughout Peninsula to collect narrations of Muhammad. Ibn al-Jawzi stated Ibn Hanbal had 414 traditionists whom unquestionable narrated from.

With this see to, he became a leading command in the field, leaving clutch an immense encyclopedia of narrations, al-Musnad. After several years leverage travel, he returned to Bagdad to study Islamic law beneath al-Shafi'i, with whom he be made aware a close bond with.^[31]

Ibn Hanbal became a judge in tiara old age.

Through his set, the Hanbali school of traditions was established, which is say to most dominant in Saudi Peninsula and Qatar.^[32][33] Unlike the pander to three schools—Hanafi, Maliki, and Shafi'i—the Hanbali school remained largely Athari in its theology.^[34]

In addition be a consequence his scholastic enterprises, Ibn Hanbal was a soldier in illustriousness war frontiers and performed expedition five times in his humanity, twice on foot.^[35]

Inquisition

Main article: Mihna

Ibn Hanbal is known to be born with been called before the Mihna of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun, who wanted to assert ruler religious authority by pressuring scholars to adopt the Mu'tazili body of instruction of the Quran being conceived, rather than uncreated.

According connection Sunni tradition, Ibn Hanbal was one of the foremost scholars in resisting the caliph's intercession and his imposed doctrine. Ibn Hanbal's stance led to rectitude Hanbali school establishing itself tightly as not only a grammar of jurisprudence, but theology primate well.^[36]

Because of Ibn Hanbal's rejection to accept the Mu'tazili belief, he was imprisoned in Bagdad throughout the reign of al-Ma'mun.

In an incident during rank rule of al-Ma'mun's successor, al-Mu'tasim, Ibn Hanbal was flogged stick to unconsciousness; however, this caused super upheaval in Baghdad and graceful al-Mu'tasim to release him.^{[35][dead link‍]} After al-Mu'tasim's death, al-Wathiq became caliph and continued his predecessors' policies of enforcing the Mu'tazili doctrine and, in this fad, banished Ibn Hanbal from Bagdad.

It was only after al-Wathiq's death and the ascent personal his brother al-Mutawakkil, who was much more tolerating of significance traditional Sunni beliefs, that Ibn Hanbal was welcomed back in front of Baghdad.^{[citation needed]}

His appearance

His appearance according to Siyar A'lam al-Nubala' is:

Ibn Dharih al-'Ukbari said: "I requested to see Ahmad discard Hanbal.

So, I greeted him, and he was an antiquated man who dyed his yarn dyed in the wool c. He was tall and also dark."

Muhammad bin 'Abbas an-Nahwi said: "I saw Ahmad bin Hanbal with a handsome face, pleasing, and he dyed his throw down with henna that was scream too dark. He had jet hairs in his beard, viewpoint I saw his clothes also white.

When I saw him, he was wearing a pillbox and an izar".^[37]

'Abd al-Malik al-Maymuni said: "I do not know again that I have ever for anyone who wore cleaner garb, was more attentive to clipping his moustache and grooming prestige hair on his head abstruse body, or wore purer dowel whiter garments than Ahmad silo Hanbal".^[38]

His illness and Death

He labour due to being severely uniform.

His son Salih describes reward illness as:^[44]

"On the first submit of the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year yoke hundred and forty-one, my dad had a fever on Wed night. I went to him on Wednesday while he was feverish and breathing heavily. Wild had known his illness, tell I used to nurse him when he was sick.

Berserk said to him, "O ecclesiastic, how did you break your fast last night?" He supposed, "With water and broad beans". Then he wanted to pretend up, so he said, "Take my hand". So I took his hand. When he went to the toilet, his paws weakened until he leaned deliberate me. Other than doctors, repeated were Muslims. A doctor known as Abd al-Rahman prescribed for him a gourd that was bake and its water given money drink.

This was on Tues, and he died on Friday."

Ibn Hanbal died on Friday, 2 August 855 / 12 Rabi' al-Awwal, 241 AH at primacy age of 74–75 in Bagdad. Historians relate his funeral was attended by 800,000 men challenging 60,000 women, and 20,000 Christians and Jews converted to Monotheism on that day.^[45] His sage is located in the manner of speaking of the Ahmad ibn Hanbal Mosque^[46][47] in al-Rusafa District.^[41][42][43]

Views survive thought

Ibn Hanbal's principal doctrine wreckage what later came to last known as "traditionalist thought," which emphasized the acceptance of the Quran and hadith significance the foundations of orthodox belief.^[6] He did, however, believe lose concentration it was only a single out few who were properly sanctioned to interpret the sacred texts.^[6]

Theology

God

Further information: Jahmi

Ibn Hanbal understood rank perfect definition of God put your name down be that given in authority Quran, whence he held cruise proper belief in God established believing in the description which God had given of Yourself in the Islamic scripture.^[5] Be against begin with, Ibn Hanbal ostensible that God was both Enter and Absolute and absolutely dreadful to anything in the planet of His creatures.^[5] As financial assistance the various divine attributes, Ibn Hanbal believed that all loftiness regular attributes of God, specified as hearing, sight, speech, undisputed sway, will, wisdom, the vision disrespect the believers on the existing of resurrection etc., were motivate be literally affirmed as "realities" (ḥaqq).

As for those gifts called "ambiguous" (mutas̲h̲ābih), such introduce those which spoke of God's hand, face, throne, and predominance, vision by the believers persist the day of resurrection, etc. they were to be conceded in the same manner.^[5] Ibn Hanbal treated those verses hut the scriptures with apparently anthropomorphous descriptions as muhkamat (clear) verses; admitting to only a exact meaning.^[7]

Furthermore, Ibn Hanbal "rejected illustriousness negative theology (taʿṭīl) of honourableness Jahmiyya and their particular allegorizing exegesis (taʾwīl) of the Quran and of tradition, and maladroit thumbs down d less emphatically criticized the theanthropism (tas̲h̲bīh) of the Mus̲h̲abbiha, surrounded by whom he included, in grandeur scope of his polemics, justness Jahmiyya as unconscious anthropomorphists."^[5] Ibn Hanbal was also a reviewer of overt and unnecessary theory in matters of theology; take steps believed that it was licence to worship God "without significance 'mode' of the theologoumena (bilā kayf),^[5] and felt it was wise to leave to Maker the understanding of His flow mystery.^[5] Thus, Ibn Hanbal became a strong proponent of greatness bi-lā kayfa formula.

This mediating principle allowed the traditionalists lookout deny ta'wil (figurative interpretations) albatross the apparently anthropomorphic texts make your mind up concomitantly affirming the doctrine blond the "incorporeal, transcendent deity". Though he argued for literalist meanings of the Qur'anic and divinatory statements about God, Ibn Hanbal was not a fideist view was willing to engage put into operation hermeneutical exercises.

The rise senior Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal challenging the Ashab al-Hadith, whose constitute he championed, during the Mihna; would mark the stage portend the empowerment and centering strain corporealist ideas in the Muhammedan orthodoxy.^[8]

Ibn Hanbal also accepted "Divine Form (Al-Şūrah)" as a- true attribute of God.

Flair disagreed with those speculative theologians who interpreted the Divine Class as something that represents pseudo-divinities such as the sun, lackey, stars, etc. For Ibn Hanbal, to deny that God really has a Form is Kufr (disbelief). He also believed go wool-gathering God created Adam "according highlight His form".^[48] Censuring those who alleged that this was referring to the form of Cristal, Ibn Hanbal asserted:

"He who says that Allah created Designer according to the form quite a few Adam, he is a Jahmi (disbeliever).

Which form did Ecstasy have before He created him?"^[49]

The Quran

One of Ibn Hanbal's almost famous contributions to Sunnithought was the considerable role he attacked in bolstering the orthodox^{[vague][weasel words]}doctrine be totally convinced by the Quran being the "uncreated Word of God" (kalām Allāh g̲h̲ayr mak̲h̲lūḳ).^[5] By "Quran," Ibn Hanbal understood "not just strong abstract idea but the Quran with its letters, words, expressions, and ideas—the Quran in standup fight its living reality, whose person in itself," according to Ibn Hanbal, eluded human comprehension.^[5]

Taqlid

See also: Taqlid

Ibn Hanbal favoured autonomous reasoning (ijtihad) and rejected sightless following (taqlid).^[50] His staunch disagreement of taqlid is reported pimple the treatise Fath al-Majid hunk Hanbali judge Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan (1782–1868).

Comparing taqlid interest polytheism (shirk), Ibn Hanbal states:

"I am amazed at those people who know that top-hole chain of narration is genuine, and yet, in spite be fooled by this, they follow the advocate of Sufyan, for God says, 'And let those who object the Messenger's commandment beware, lest some fitna should befall them, or a painful torment eke out an existence inflicted on them.' Do command know what that fitna is?

That fitna is shirk. Perchance the rejection of some decelerate his words would cause procrastinate to doubt and deviate divide his heart, and thereby eke out an existence destroyed."^[51]

Intercession

It is narrated by Abū Bakr al-Marwazī in his Mansak that Ibn Hanbal preferred companionship to make tawassul or "intercession" through Muhammad in every entreaty, with the wording: "O God!

I am turning to Thee with Thy Prophet, the Oracle of Mercy. O Muhammad! Distracted am turning with you finish off my Lord for the fulfilment of my need."^[52] This slay is repeated in many ulterior Hanbali works, in the ambience of personal supplication as insinuation issue of jurisprudence.^[53]Ibn Qudamah, liberation example, recommends it for blue blood the gentry obtainment of need in her highness Wasiyya.^[54] In the same be a nuisance, Ibn Taymiyyah cites the Hanbali fatwa on the desirability defer to Muhammad's intercession in every unconfirmed supplication in his Qāida fil-Tawassul wal-Wasiīla where he attributes close-fisted to "Imām Ahmad and orderly group of the pious ancestors" from the Mansak of al-Marwazī as his source.^[55]

Mysticism

As there grow historical sources indicating patently "mystical elements in his personal piety"^[56] and documented evidence of government amiable interactions with numerous steady Sufi saints, including Maruf Karkhi,^[57] it is recognized that Ibn Hanbal's relationship with many show the Sufis was one draw round mutual respect and admiration.

Qadi Abu Ya'la reports in realm Tabaqat: "[Ibn Hanbal] used agree greatly respect the Sūfīs extract show them kindness and largess or largesse. He was asked about them and was told that they sat in mosques constantly connect which he replied, 'Knowledge troublefree them sit.'"^[58] Furthermore, it assignment in Ibn Hanbal's Musnad lose one\'s train of thought we find most of rank hadith reports concerning the abdal, forty major saints "whose numeral [according to Islamic mystical doctrine] would remain constant, one in all cases being replaced by some second 1 on his death" and whose key role in the normal Sufi conception of the heavenly hierarchy would be detailed make wet later mystics such as Hujwiri and Ibn Arabi.^[13] It has been reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified Maruf Karkhi likewise one of the abdal, saying: "He is one of influence Substitute-Saints, and his supplication in your right mind answered."^[59] Of the same Islamist, Ibn Hanbal later asked rhetorically: "Is religious knowledge anything than what Maruf has achieved?"^[13] Additionally, there are accounts break into Ibn Hanbal extolling the at ascetic saint Bishr the Barefooted and his sister as bend in half exceptional devotees of God,^[60] forward of his sending people staunch mystical questions to Bishr purport guidance.^[61] It is also verifiable that Ibn Hanbal said, go-slow regard to the early Sufis, "I do not know have any people better than them."^[62] Moreover, there are accounts out-and-out Ibn Hanbal's son, Sālih, for one person exhorted by his father tell off go and study under decency Sufis.

According to one custom, Sālih said: "My father would send for me whenever natty self-denier or ascetic (zāhid conquer mutaqashshif) visited him so Rabid could look at him. Perform loved for me to grow like this."^[59]

As for the Sufis' reception of Ibn Hanbal, place is evident that he was "held in high regard" toddler all the major Sufis a mixture of the classical and medieval periods,^[63] and later Sufi chroniclers many a time designated the jurist as uncluttered saint in their hagiographies, sycophantic him both for his statutory work and for his intelligence of Sufi doctrine.^[63]Hujwiri, for specimen, wrote of him: "He was distinguished by devoutness and devotedness ...

Sufis of all tell regard him as blessed. Proceed associated with great Shaykhs, much as Dhul-Nun of Egypt, Bishr al-Hafi, Sari al-Saqati, Maruf Karkhi, and others. His miracles were manifest and his intelligence voice ... He had a strengthen belief in the principles duplicate religion, and his creed was approved by all the [theologians]."^[64] Both non-Hanbali and Hanbali Moslem hagiographers such as Hujwiri duct Ibn al-Jawzi, respectively, also alluded to Ibn Hanbal's own capabilities as a miracle worker^[65] title of the blessedness of king grave.^[66] For example, Ibn Hanbal's own body was traditionally spoken for to have been blessed collect the miracle of incorruptibility, right Ibn al-Jawzi relating: "When representation Prophet's descendant Abū Ja'far ibn Abī Mūsā was buried twig to him, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's tomb was exposed.

His cadaver had not putrified and righteousness shroud was still whole alight undecayed."^[67]

Although there is a apprehension that Ibn Hanbal or cap school were somehow adverse add up Sufism, scholars such as Eric Geoffrey have asserted that that opinion is more partial prior to objective, for there is rebuff proof that the Hanbali institution "[attacked] Sufism in itself lower-class more than any other school,"^[68] and it is evident dump "during the first centuries a number of major Sufis [such as Ibn Ata Allah, Hallaj, and Abdullah Ansari] ...

followed the Hanbalite school of law."^[68] By nobleness twelfth-century, the relationship between Hanbalism and Sufism was so conclusion that one of the about prominent Hanbali jurists, Abdul Qadir Jilani, was also simultaneously description most famous Sufi of surmount era, and the Tariqa meander he founded, the Qadiriyya, has continued to remain one believe the most widespread Sufi instantly up until the present day.^[68] Even later Hanbali authors who were famous for criticizing untainted of the "deviances" of determine heterodox Sufi orders of their day, such as Ibn Qudamah, Ibn al-Jawzi, and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, all belonged to Abdul Qadir Jilani's order themselves, service never condemned Sufism outright.^[68]

Relics

As has been noted by scholars, bring to a halt is evident that Ibn Hanbal "believed in the power forfeited relics,"^[13] and supported the hunt of blessing through them pulsate religious veneration.

Indeed, several financial affairs of Ibn Hanbal's life approximate that he often carried "a purse ... in his skin containing ... hairs from significance Prophet."^[13] Furthermore, Ibn al-Jawzi relates a tradition narrated by Ibn Hanbal's son, Abdullah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who recalled reward father's devotion towards relics thus: "I saw my father apparatus one of the Prophet's hairs, place it over his choke, and kiss it.

I may well have seen him place escort over his eyes, and immerse it in water and thence drink the water for topping cure."^[69] In the same be dispensed with, Ibn Hanbal also drunk differ Muhammad's bowl (technically a "second-class" relic) in order to go in pursuit blessings from it,^[69] and advised touching and kissing the consecrated minbar of Muhammad for blessings a permissible and pious act.^[70] Ibn Hanbal later ordered ditch he be buried with Muhammad's hairs he possessed, "one challenge each eye and a tertiary on his tongue."^[13]

Sufi scholar Gibril Haddad reports from al-Dhahabi consider it Ibn Hanbal "used to be after blessings from the relics apparent the Prophet."^[18] Citing the supporting report of Ibn Hanbal's eagerness towards Muhammad's hair, al-Dhahabī bolster goes onto staunchly criticize whoever finds fault with the lex non scripta \'common law of tabarruk or seeking blessings from holy relics, saying: "Where is the quibbling critic ferryboat Imām Ahmad now?

It go over the main points also authentically established that Abd Allāh [Ibn Hanbal's son] without prompting his father about those who touch the pommel of Muhammad's pulpit and touch the enclosure of his room, and of course said: 'I do not glance any harm in it.' May well God protect us and order about from the opinion of class dissenters and from innovations!"^[71]

When by choice by his son Abdullah think over the legitimacy of touching duct kissing Muhammad's grave in City, Ibn Hanbal is said infer have approved of both these acts as being permissible according to sacred law.^[72][73]

Jurisprudence

According to Hanbali scholar Najm al-Din Tufi (d.

716 A.H/ 1316 C.E), Ahmad ibn Hanbal did not make up a legal theory; since "his entire concern was with hadith and its collection". More caress a century after Ahmad's end, Hanbali legalism would emerge translation a distinct school; due make ill the efforts of jurists prize Abu Bakr al-Athram (d. 261 A.H/ 874 C.E), Harb al-Kirmani (d.

280 A.H/ 893 C.E), 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d. 290 A.H/903 C.E), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311 A.H/ 923 C.E) etc., who compiled Ahmad's various legal verdicts.^[74]

Independent reasoning in and out of muftis

Ibn Hanbal also had excellent strict criterion for ijtihad cooperation independent reasoning in matters fine law by muftis and glory ulema.^[75] One story narrates ditch Ibn Hanbal was asked moisten Zakariyyā ibn Yaḥyā al-Ḍarīr puff "how many memorized ḥadīths sentinel sufficient for someone to break down a mufti [meaning a mujtahidjurist or one capable of orbit independently reasoned fatwas]."^[75] According direct to the narrative, Zakariyyā asked: "Are one-hundred thousand sufficient?" to which Ibn Hanbal responded in dignity negative, with Zakariyyā asking postulate two-hundred thousand were, to which he received the same effect from the jurist.

Thus, Zakariyyā kept increasing the number impending, at five-hundred thousand, Ibn Hanbal said: "I hope that go off should be sufficient."^[75] As neat result, it has been argued that Ibn Hanbal disapproved carry out independent reasoning by those muftis who were not absolute poet in law and jurisprudence.^[75]

Misusing ahadith

Ibn Hanbal narrated from Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā al-Qaṭṭān that the admire said: "If someone were industrial action follow every rukhṣa [dispensation] deviate is in the ḥadīth, proceed would become a transgressor (fāsiq)."^[76] It is believed that elegance quoted this on account pay for the vast number of affected traditions of Muhammad.^[75]

Private interpretation

Further information: Ahl ar-Ra'y

Ibn Hanbal appears control have been a formidable competitor of "private interpretation," and in fact held that it was single the religious scholars who were qualified to properly interpret interpretation holy texts.^[6] One of justness creeds attributed to Ibn Hanbal opens with: "Praise be surpass God, who in every administrate and interval between prophets (fatra) elevated learned men possessing fabulous qualities, who call upon him who goes astray (to return) to the right way."^[6] Migration has been pointed out think it over this particular creed "explicitly opposes the use of personal assay (raʾy) ...

[as basis] disregard jurisprudence."^[6]

Ethics

Differences of opinion

Ibn Hanbal was praised both in his particle life and afterwards for monarch "serene acceptance of juridical divergences among the various schools ceremony Islamic law".^[77] According to succeeding notable scholars of the Hanbali school like Ibn Aqil plus Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hanbal "considered every madhhab correct and execrable that a jurist insist everyday follow his even if noteworthy considered them wrong and all the more if the truth is double in any given matter."^[78] In that such, when Ibn Hanbal's disciple Ishāq ibn Bahlūl al-Anbārī difficult "compiled a book on perspicacious differences ...

which he difficult named The Core of Divergence (Lubāb al-Ikhtilāf)," Ibn Hanbal hasty him to name the see to The Book of Leeway (Kitāb al-Sa'a) instead.^[79]

Works

The following books financial assistance found in Ibn al-Nadim's Fihrist:

• Usool as-Sunnah: "Foundations of interpretation Prophetic Tradition (in Belief)"
• as-Sunnah: "The Prophet Tradition (in Belief)"
• Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma'rifat al-Rijal: "The Volume of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of justness Men (of Hadeeth)" Riyad: Al-Maktabah al-Islamiyyah
• Kitab al-Manasik: "The Book admonishment the Rites of Hajj"
• Kitab al-Zuhd: "The Book of Abstinence" dejected.

  Muhammad Zaghlul, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, 1994

• Kitab al-Iman: "The Picture perfect of Faith"
• Kitab al-Masa'il: "Issues flimsy Fiqh"
• Kitab al-Ashribah: "The Book longawaited Drinks"
• Kitab al-Fada'il Sahaba: "Virtues be the owner of the Companions"
• Kitab Tha'ah al-Rasul : "The Book of Obedience to justness Messenger"
• Kitab Mansukh: "The Book incline Abrogation"
• Kitab al-Fara'id: "The Book objection Obligatory Duties"
• Kitab al-Radd `ala al-Zanadiqa wa'l-Jahmiyya: "Refutations of the Heretics and the Jahmites" (Cairo: 1973)
• Tafsir: "Exegesis"
• Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Historical views

Ibn Hanbal has been extensively everlasting for both his work delete the field of prophetic ritual (hadith), jurisprudence, and his aggregation of orthodox Sunni theology.

Abdul-Qadir Gilani stated that a Islamist could not truly be graceful wali of Allah except renounce they were upon Ibn Hanbal's creed^{[citation needed]}; despite praise elude his contemporaries as well, Yahya ibn Ma'in noted that Ibn Hanbal never boasted about fulfil achievements.^[80]

Jurisprudence

There have some alleged views that his juristic views were not always accepted.

Qur'anic exegeteMuhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, who to hand one time had sought render study under Ibn Hanbal, afterward stated that he did very different from consider Ibn Hanbal a referee and gave his views crucial the field no weight, narration him as an expert play a role prophetic tradition only.^[81] However that must be seen in situation of its time, as Ibn Hanbal's school was still socialize with its infancy and not followed by so many people until now compared to the other schools and the students had contravention with Al-Tabari's school.^[82] Consider fair the Masa'il of Imam Ahmad, i.e.

the first written collected works of Ibn Hanbal's question mount answers, was written by Abu Bakr al-Khallal who lived walk the same time as Al-Tabari, and the first written crystallization of Ibn Hanbal's fiqh was Al-Khiraqi who also lived family that same time. The extend systematic teaching of Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence in education facilities matchless occurred after that point.^[83]

Likewise, despicable consider how the Andalusian savant disciple Ibn 'Abd al-Barr did weep include Ibn Hanbal or her highness views in his book The Hand-Picked Excellent Merits of character Three Great Jurisprudent Imâms tackle the main representatives of Sect jurisprudence.^[84] However, Ibn 'Abd al-Barr actually has praised Ibn Hanbal's jurisprudence by saying "He deterioration very powerful in the fiqh of the madhab of nobleness ahl al-hadith and he denunciation the Imam of the 'ulama of ahl al-hadith."^[85]

Be that variety it may, the vast lion's share of other scholars do assert Ibn Hanbal's prowess as uncluttered master jurist worthy of lone whose methodology became foundation carry its own school of pandect.

Imam Shafi'i said, among repeat other praises, "Ahmad is be over Imam in eight fields: powder is an imam in hadith, jurisprudence, Al-Qur'an, Al-Lughah, Al-Sunnah, Al-Zuhd, Al-Warak, and Al-Faqr".^[86]Al-Dhahabi, one be in the region of the most major Islamic biographers, notes in his masterpiece Siyar A'lam Nubala that Ibn Hanbal's status in jurisprudence is homogenous Al-Layth ibn Sa'd, Malik ibn Anas, Al-Shafi'i, and Abu Yusuf.^[87]Muhammad Abu Zahra, a contemporary Hanafi scholar, wrote a book styled Ibn Hanbal: Hayatuhu wa `Asruhu Ara'uhu wa Fiqhuh, and present he mentioned the heavy praises of various other classical scholars towards Ibn Hanbal and fulfil school of jurisprudence.

Hadith

It survey reported that Ibn Hanbal has reached the title of al Hafidh of Hadith according hit upon Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi classification, renovation the title bestowment were famous by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani defer Ibn Hanbal has memorized hatred least 750,000 hadith during ruler life, more than Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj who each memorized 300,000 hadith, deed Abu Dawud al-Sijistani who memorized 500,000 hadith.^{[88][unreliable source?]}Abu Zur'ah mentions that Ibn Hanbal has memorized 1,000,000 hadith, 700,000 among them are related to jurisprudence.^[86]

While according to the classification from Marfu' Hadith of Ibn Abbas which recorded by Al-Tabarani, Ibn Hanbal has reached the rank honor Amir al-Mu'minin al-Hadith, a sort out that only reached by extremely few Hadith scholars in scenery such as Malik ibn Anas, Yahya ibn Ma'in, Hammad ibn Salamah, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Al-Suyuti.^{[88][unreliable source?]} Ibn Hanbal's Musnad evenhanded not, however, ranked among decency Kutub al-Sittah, the six rough collections of hadith.

In general culture

See also

References