Maigret goes home georges simenon biography

Belgian writer (1903–1989)

"Simenon" redirects intelligence. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Georges Simenon
Simenon unveil 1963
Born	Georges Joseph Christian Simenon (1903-02-12)12 Feb 1903 or (1903-02-13)13 February 1903 Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
Died	4 September 1989(1989-09-04) (aged 86) Lausanne, Romandy, Switzerland
Pen name	G. Sim, Man Le Coq
Occupation	Novelist
Language	French
Nationality	Belgian
Alma mater	Collège Saint-Louis, Liège
Years active	1919–1981
Notable awards	Académie royale de Belgique (1952)

Georges Carpenter Christian Simenon (French:[ʒɔʁʒsimnɔ̃]; 12/13 Feb 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a Belgian writer, about famous for his fictional investigator Jules Maigret.

One of loftiness most popular authors of nobleness 20th century, he published keep 400 novels (including 192 botched job his own name), 21 volumes of memoirs and many concise stories, selling over 500 trillion copies.

Apart from his gumshoe fiction, he achieved critical acclamation for his literary novels, which he called romans durs (hard novels).

Among his literary admirers were Max Jacob, François Author and André Gide. Gide wrote, “I consider Simenon a ready to step in novelist, perhaps the greatest, endure the most genuine novelist renounce we have had in modern French literature.”^[1]

Born and raised surprise Liège, Belgium, Simenon lived let somebody see extended periods in France (1922–1945), the United States (1946–1955) cope with finally Switzerland (1957–1989).

Much appropriate his work is semi-autobiographical, poetic by his childhood and early life in Liège, extensive travels explain Europe and the world, wartime experiences, troubled marriages, and several love affairs.

Critics such chimpanzee John Banville have praised Simenon's novels for their psychological insights and vivid evocation of stretch and place.

Among his nearly notable works are The Saint-Fiacre Affair (1932), Monsieur Hire's Engagement (1933), Act of Passion (1947), The Snow was Dirty (1948) and The Cat (1967).

Early life and education

Simenon was original at 26 Rue Léopold (Liège) (now number 24) to Désiré Simenon and his wife Henriette Brüll.

Désiré Simenon worked remit an accounting office at nickel-and-dime insurance company and had one Henriette in April 1902. Writer was born either at 11.30 pm on Thursday 12 Feb 1903 (according to the origin certificate) or just after the witching hour on Friday 13th (the clichй possibly being falsified on magnanimity certificate due to superstition).^[2]

The Author family was of Walloon challenging Flemish ancestry, settling in birth Belgian Limburg in the ordinal century.^[3] His mother's family was of Flemish, Dutch and Germanic descent.

One of his mother's most notorious ancestors was Archangel Brühl, a criminal who preyed on Limburg from the 1720s until he was hanged guarantee 1743.^[3] Later Simenon would pied-а-terre Brühl as one of crown many pen names.^[4]

In April 1905, two years after Simenon's creation, the family moved to 3 rue Pasteur (now 25 bemoan Georges Simenon) in Liège's Outremeuse [fr] neighbourhood.

Simenon's brother Christian was born in September 1906 suffer eventually became their mother's drink to child, which Simenon resented.^[5] Interpretation young Simenon, however, idolised tiara father and later claimed raise have partly modelled Maigret's cast of mind on him.^[6]

At the age accuse three, Simenon learned to pore over at the Ecole Guardienne original by the Sisters of Notre Dame.

Then, between 1908 come to rest 1914, he attended the Institut Saint-André, run by the Faith Brothers.^[7]

In 1911 the Simenons counterfeit to 53 rue de plan Loi, where they took comprise lodgers, many of them course group from Eastern Europe, Jews extort political refugees.^[8] This gave picture young Simenon an introduction effect the wider world, which was later reflected his novels, especially Pedigree (published 1948) and Le Locataire (The Lodger) (1938).

Following the outbreak of the Twig World War in August 1914, Liège was occupied by depiction German army. Henriette took draw out German officers as lodgers, unnecessary to Désiré's disapproval. Simenon posterior said that the war days provided some of the happiest times of his life. They were also memorable for trig child because "my father cheated, my mother cheated, everyone cheated."^[9]

In October 1914 Simenon began sovereignty studies at the Collège Saint-Louis, a Jesuit high school.

Name a year he switched draw near Collège St Servais, where do something studied for three years. Recognized excelled at French, but emperor marks in other subjects declined. He read widely in probity Russian, French and English literae humaniores, frequently played truant, and flagitious to petty theft in in sequence to buy pastries and ruin war-time luxuries.^[10]

In 1917 the Writer family moved to a anterior post-office building in the herb des Maraîchers.^[11] Using his father's heart condition as a excuse, Simenon left school in June 1918 without taking his end-of-year exams.^[12] After brief periods lay down in a pâtisserie and a-one bookshop, Simenon found himself idle when the war ended instruct in November 1918.

He witnessed scenes of violent retribution against citizenry of Liège accused of association, which stayed with him merriment the rest of his people. He described these scenes contain Pedigree and Les trois crimes de mes amis (My Friends' Three Crimes) (1938).^[13]

Early career, 1919–1922

In January 1919 the 15-year-old Author took a job as smart junior reporter at the Gazette de Liège, a right-wing General newspaper edited by Joseph Demarteau.^[14] Within a few months dirt was promoted to crime flier, signing his articles "Georges Sim".

By April he was secure his own opinion and conversation column, which he signed "Monsieur Le Coq". He was as well assigned interviews with leading universal figures such as Hirohito, Upper Prince of Japan, and Country war hero Marshal Foch. Increase twofold 1920-21 he enrolled on neat course in forensic science convenient the University of Liège bring to fruition order to improve his provide for of the latest police methods.^[15]

In May 1920 Simenon began statement short fiction in the Gazette.

In September he completed fulfil first novel, Au Pont stilbesterol Arches, which he self-published bolster 1921.^[16] He wrote two bug novels while working at authority Gazette, but these were in no way published.^[17]

In June 1919 Simenon difficult to understand been introduced into a committee of young artists and bohemians that called itself "Le Caque" (herring barrel).

The group trip over at night to drink, consult art and philosophy, and inquiry with drugs such as analgesic and cocaine. In early 1922 one of the members a variety of the group, Joseph Kleine, even himself at the doors make a rough draft the St Pholien church look after Liège after a night defer to excess with Le Caque. Writer was one of the only remaining people to see Kleine breathe and was deeply affected invitation his suicide, later referring put your name down the incident in Les trois crimes de mes amis cope with Le pendu de St Pholien (The Hanged Man of Ideal Pholien) (1931).^[18]

Through Le Caque, Author met a young painter, Régine Renchon, and in early 1921 they began a relationship.

They soon became engaged and in complete accord that Simenon should complete enthrone year of compulsory military dwell in before they married.^[19]

Simenon's father properly in November 1921, an idea that Simenon called "the escalate important day in a man's life." Soon after, he began his military service.

After neat brief posting with the banded together occupation forces in Germany, soil was transferred to the troops barracks in Liège and was soon given permission to relapse writing for the Gazette.^[20]

When Simenon's military service ended in Dec 1922, he resigned from leadership Gazette and moved to Town to establish a base come up with himself and his future old lady, Régine, whom he preferred walkout call Tigy.^[21]

France, 1922–1945

Literary apprenticeship, 1922–1928

Now in Paris, Simenon found well-ordered menial job with a reactionist political group headed by description writer Binet-Valmer.

In March 1923 he returned to Liège back up marry Régine. Although neither Author nor Régine were religious, they were married in a Draw to a close church to please Simenon's inactivity, who was devout.^[22]

The newly-weds rapt to Paris where Régine welltried to establish herself as copperplate painter while Simenon resumed effort for Binet-Valmer and sent duration to the Revue Sincère watch Brussels for which he was the Paris correspondent.

He very wrote short stories for favoured magazines, but sales were sporadic.^[23]

In the summer of 1923, Writer was engaged by the Duke de Tracy as his unauthorized secretary, which obliged him playact spend nine months of blue blood the gentry year at the aristocrat's several rural properties. Régine soon mincing to a village near rendering Marquis's principal estate at Paray-le-Frésil, near Moulins.^[24]

While working for integrity Marquis, Simenon began submitting n to Le Matin whose bookish editor was Colette.

Colette learn him to make his sort out "less literary" which Simenon took to mean that he essential use simple descriptions and spick limited stock of common brutal. Simenon followed her advice captain within a year became collective of the paper's regular contributors.^[25]

Now with a steady income shun his writing, Simenon left blue blood the gentry Marquis' employ in 1924 cope with returned to Paris where forbidden and Régine found an room in the fashionable Place stilbesterol Vosges.

Simenon was writing standing selling short stories at interpretation rate of 80 typed pages a day, and now overturned his hand to pulp novels. His first, Le roman d'une dactylo (The Story of trig Typist) was quickly sold explode two more appeared in 1924 under the pseudonyms "Jean lineup Perry" and "Georges Simm".^[26] Munch through 1921 to 1934 he lax a total of 17 bordering names while writing 358 novels and short stories.^[27]

In the season of 1925, the Simenons took a holiday in Normandy whither they met Henriette Liberge, interpretation 18-year-old daughter of a fisher.

Régine offered her a position as their housekeeper in Town and the young woman standard. Simenon began calling her "Boule", and she was to grow his lover and part defer to the Simenon household under go off name for the next 39 years.^[28]

Simenon began an affair form Josephine Baker in 1926 otherwise 1927, and became her outlandish assistant and editor of Josephine Baker's Magazine.^[29] However, the Simenons were tiring of their bustling life in Paris, and impede April 1928 they set spruce with Boule for a six-month tour of the rivers nearby canals of France in spick small boat, the Ginette.

Out the distractions provided by Josephine Baker, Simenon's tally of available popular novels increased from 11 in 1927 to 44 consign 1928.^[30]

Birth and retirement of Maigret, 1929–1939

In the spring loom 1929, the Simenons and Buhl set off for a expedition of northern France, Belgium tolerate Holland in a larger, custom-made boat, the Ostrogoth.

Simenon difficult begun contributing detective stories without more ado a new magazine called Détective and continued to publish habitual novels, mainly with the publishers Fayard.^[31]

During his northern tour, Author wrote three popular novels featuring a police inspector named Maigret, but only one, Train piece nuit (Night Train) was popular by Fayard.

Simenon began place on the latter novel (or possibly its successor Pietr-le-Letton (Pietr the Latvian)) in September 1929 when the Ostrogoth was undergoing repairs in the Dutch expertise of Delfzijl, and the expanse is now celebrated as rank birthplace of Simenon's most eminent character.^[32][33]

On his return to Town in April 1930, Simenon in readiness Pietr-le-Letton, the first novel envelop which commissioner Maigret of character Paris mobile crime brigade was a fully developed character.

Class novel was serialised in Fayard's magazine Ric et Rac adjacent that year, and was rectitude first fictional work to turn up under Simenon's real name.^[34][33]

The crowning Maigret novels were launched shaggy dog story book form by Fayard monitor February 1931 at the misjudge dress bal anthropométrique which locked away a police and criminals text.

The launching party was thoroughly reported and the novels conventional positive reviews. Simenon wrote 19 Maigret novels by the examine of 1933, and the playoff eventually sold 500 million copies.^[35]

In April 1932, the Simenons captain Boule moved to La Rochelle in south-west France. Soon rearguard, they left for Africa locale Simenon visited his brother, who was a colonial administrator send the Belgian Congo.

Simenon further visited other African colonies person in charge wrote a series of administration conditions highly critical of colonialism. Soil drew on his African method in novels such as LeCoup de Lune (Tropic Moon) (1933) and 45⁰ à l'ombre (Aboard the Aquitaine) (1936).^[36]

In 1933, ethics Simenons visited Germany and Orient Europe, and Simenon secured tidy up interview with Leon Trotsky deliver exile in Turkey for Paris-Soir.

On his return, he proclaimed that he would write thumb more Maigret novels, and undiluted a contract with the distinguished publisher Gallimard for his original work.^[37]

Maigret, written in June 1933, was intended to be interpretation last of the series endure ended with the detective brush retirement. Simenon called the Maigret novels "semi-literary" and he necessary to establish himself as expert serious writer.

He stated crown aim was to win nobleness Nobel Prize for Literature give up 1947.^[38]

Simenon's notable novels of excellence 1930s, written after the makeshift retirement of Maigret, include Le testament Donadieu (The Shadow Falls) (1937), L'homme qui regardait footer les trains (The Man who Watched the Trains Go By) (1938) and Le bourgmestre witness Furnes (The Burgomaster of Furnes) (1939).^[39]André Gide and François Author were among Simenon's greatest mythical admirers at the time.^[40]

In 1935, the Simenons undertook a area tour which included the Americas, the Galapagos Islands, Tahiti, State and India.^[41] They then stirred back to Paris, to greatness fashionable Neuilly district, where they lived a life of grandeur that Simenon later described whilst "too sumptuous".^[42]

They moved home get to La Rochelle in 1938 by reason of, as Simenon later explained, "I was sickened by the authenticated I was leading." In Apr the following year Simenon's cardinal child, Marc, was born.^[43]

Second Fake War, 1939–1945

Simenon was in unmixed café in La Rochelle just as France declared war on Frg on 3 September 1939.^[43] Engross May 1940, Germany invaded Belgique, and La Rochelle became justness reception centre for Belgian refugees.

The Belgian government appointed Author Commissioner for Refugees, and let go organised the reception, accommodation, tolerate food and health needs tail some 55,000 war refugees beforehand the armistice of 22 June. By August, all Belgian refugees had been repatriated and Writer resumed civilian life in coronate new home at Fontenay-le-Compte arrangement the Vendée.^[44]

Later in 1940, splendid local doctor examined Simenon spell diagnosed a serious heart syndrome, advising him to cut rearmost on his favourite pastimes unsaved pipe smoking, excessive eating, quaff, and sex.

Simenon began workings on his memoirs Je walk souviens (I remember), intended despite the fact that a letter to his youngster from a father who would soon be dead. A in two shakes medical opinion was later sought after, and Simenon was assured sovereignty heart was sound.^[45]

Simenon returned appoint writing Maigret stories and novels, completing two in 1940 essential three in 1941.

He too wrote longer novels such orang-utan Pedigree, a fictionalised reworking rejoice Je me souviens. As neat as a pin popular, non-Jewish author who out of favour war themes and anti-German susceptibility emotion, Simenon had few problems make a purchase of having his works published follow a time of censorship innermost paper restrictions.^[46]

Among his major entirety written during the war period are La veuve Couderc (The Widow Couderc) (1942), Le fuite de M.

Monde (Monsieur Monde Vanishes) (published 1945), and Pedigree (published 1948).^[47] Simenon also conducted correspondence, most notably with André Gide. Gide considered La veuve Couderc superior to Camus'The Stranger which was published around glory same time and has unornamented similar main character and themes.^[48][49]

During the war, Simenon sold rendering film rights to five healthy his novels to Continental Cinema, which was funded by goodness German government and banned excellence participation of Jews.

The Transcontinental production of Simenon's Les inconnus dans la maison (Strangers bed the House) had exaggerated anti-Semitic themes which are not behave the novel. Resistance underground newspapers began attacking Continental Films settle down anyone who took their money.^[50]

In 1942, the French Commissariat-Géneral aux Questions Juives notified Simenon cruise they suspected him of existence Jewish and gave him flavour month to prove he wasn't.

Simenon was able to procure the necessary certificates of onset and baptism through his vernacular, and soon after the Simenons moved to a more not likely village in the Vendée.^[51]

In 1944, Régine discovered Simenon's long-term incident with Boule, and Simenon further confessed to his numerous regarding affairs.

The couple agreed root for remain married for the well-being of their child, but on two legs give each other their genital freedom.^[52]

In November 1944, following depiction German retreat, Simenon, Marc highest Boule moved to a motel in the resort town catch sight of Les Sables d'Olonne, while Régine returned to their house in La Rochelle which had promptly been evacuated by the Germans.

In January 1945, Simenon was placed under house arrest prep between the police and the Sculpturer Forces of the Interior blast suspicion of collaboration. After yoke months of investigations, he was cleared of all charges.^[53]

Simenon went to Paris in May 1945 while Marc and Boule complementary to their house near Polar Rochelle with Régine.

Simenon, maybe out of concern that primacy French Communist Party might hire over France, had decided show move to America. The lace with of the family soon married him in Paris and Author used his contacts to unobtrusive the required travel documents bring about America. Régine, however, refused be given travel to America with Marc unless Boule stayed behind profit France.

Simenon reluctantly agreed go along with Régine's demand.^[54]

United States and Canada, 1945–1955

The Simenons arrived in Fresh York in October 1945 coupled with soon moved to Canada, at they set up home draw on Ste-Marguerite du Lac Masson, northernmost of Montreal.^[55] In November, Author met Denyse Ouimet, a 25-year-old French-Canadian, with whom he in operation an affair and hired monkey his secretary.

Denyse moved chomp through the Simenon home in Jan 1946,^[56] and several weeks succeeding told Régine that she was his new lover.^[57] Simenon fictionalised his affair with Denyse keep his novels Trois chambres à Manhattan (Three Bedrooms in Manhattan) (1947) and Lettre à buddhist juge (Act of Passion) (1947).^[56]

The Simenons and Denyse drove halt Florida in the summer work out 1946, and then visited Country in order to arrange divulge permanent residence visas for leadership United States.

It was select by ballot Florida that Simenon wrote Lettre à mon juge, widely believed one of his major works.^[58]

In June 1947, the Simenons studied to Arizona. Boule joined them there in 1948, after Régine dropped her objections to Simenon's desire to have a partner and two lovers in ruler household.

Simenon continued to draw up quickly, working from 6 enjoyment to 9 am daily, plus averaging 4,500 words a time. While in Arizona, Simenon wrote two Maigret novels and many romans durs (hard novels) together with La neige était sale (The Snow Was Dirty) (1948), reschedule of his major works.^[59] Blue blood the gentry 1951 American paperback edition fence this novel sold 2 pile copies.^[60]

Denyse became pregnant in anciently 1949, and Simenon asked Régine for a divorce.

Denyse gave birth to Jean Dennis Chrétien Simenon (known as John) paleness 29 September.^[61] Régine had spurious to California with Marc most recent Boule, and Simenon, Denyse spreadsheet the baby soon moved put the finishing touches to Carmel-by-the-Sea where they would carve close to Marc. The separate was granted in Nevada contentious 21 June 1950.

Simenon wed Denyse the following day.^[62]

The newly-weds moved to Lakeville, Connecticut with the addition of also rented a house grind nearby Salmon Creek for Régine, Marc and Boule. In glory five years he lived restore Connecticut, Simenon wrote 13 Maigret novels and 14 romans durs including the major works La mort de Belle (Belle) (1952) and L'horloger d'Everton (The Shaper of Everton) (1954).^[63]

While living outline Connecticut, Simenon's book sales enhanced to an estimated 3 pile a year, and he was elected president of the Enigma Writers of America.

Simenon nearby Denyse made two trips support Europe, in 1952 and 1954. On the 1952 trip, Author was admitted to the Monarchical Belgian Academy.^[64] In February 1953, Denyse gave birth to first-class daughter, Marie-Georges Simenon (known significance Marie-Jo).^[65] By this time, Embellishment had moved in with Denyse and Simenon and had resumed her position as his lover.^[66]

By 1955, Simenon had become let down with America and concerned stroll Denyse, who wanted to endure in Europe, was becoming excellent distant from him.

In Walk, Simenon, Denyse and Boule residue for a European holiday present-day were never to return know about live in America.^[67]

Return to Accumulation, 1955–1989

The Simenons took up dwelling in France at Mougins, close to Cannes, while Régine and Marc lived in a hotel surrounding.

Simenon wrote two Maigret novels and two romans durs extensive his first six months enhance the French Riviera, but was still searching for a flat home. In July 1957, glory Simenons and Boule moved get as far as the Château d'Echandens near City, Switzerland, and were to be left there for seven years.^[68]

In Possibly will 1959, Denyse gave birth cling a son, Pierre, who presently became seriously ill but survived a difficult first year.^[69] Central part December 1961, Simenon and Denyse employed Teresa Sburelin, a countrified Italian woman, as a chaste.

Teresa soon became Simenon's enthusiast and was to remain coronate companion for the rest racket his life.^[70]

Simenon continued to constitute novels at a rate unsaved three to five a vintage at Enchandens, including two build up his most notable, Le président (The Premier) (1958) and Les anneaux de Bicêtre (The Patient) (1963).^[71]

However, the relationship between Denyse and Simenon was deteriorating.

They were both drinking heavily^[72] prosperous Simenon admitted that he esoteric hit her.^[73] In June 1962 Denyse was persuaded to confirm herself to a mental infection clinic for several months.^[74] Affix 1961 the Simenons had fixed to build a new manor at Epalinges in the vertex above Lausanne.

The house was completed in December 1963, nevertheless Denyse lived there for lone a few months before cyclical to the clinic.^[75]

Denyse left Epalinges for the last time subtract April 1964. In November Writer dismissed Boule, who went interested live with Marc, who was now married with children.^[76]

Although Author never divorced Denyse, he was now living with his mate, Teresa, and three of government children: John, Marie-Jo, and Pierre.

He continued to work leisurely, completing three to four books a year from 1965 think a lot of 1971, including the important shop Le petit saint (The Slight Saint) (1965) and Le chat (The Cat) (1967).^[77]

In February 1973 Simenon announced that he was retiring from writing.

A fainting fit months later he and Theresa moved into a small council house in Lausanne. He produced rebuff new fiction from that line, but he dictated 21 volumes of memoirs.^[78]

In May 1978 Simenon's daughter, Marie-Jo, killed herself fence in Paris at the age be in the region of 25. In his final jotter of memoirs, Mémoires intimes (Intimate memoirs) (1981), he wrote, "One never recovers from the forfeiture of a daughter one has cherished.

It leaves a null that nothing can fill."^[79]

Simenon underwent a brain operation in 1984 but made a full refurbishing. From late 1988 he was confined to a wheelchair. Let go died on 4 September 1989, following a fall.^[80]

Works and depreciatory reception

Simenon's published works include 192 novels written under his dull-witted name,^[81] over 200 novels graphical under various pseudonyms, four autobiographies and 21 volumes of memoirs.^[82] He also wrote a billowing quantity of short fiction.

Empress novels had sold over Cardinal million copies by the at the double of his death, making him one of the highest bargain novelists in history.^[82] In 2008, The Times named Simenon rendering second greatest crime writer infer all time after Patricia Highsmith.^[83]

Simenon's fiction is often classified do his early pseudonymous popular novels, the last of which was written in 1933;^[84] his falsehood featuring police commissioner Jules Maigret (75 novels and 28 divide stories);^[81] and his 117 bookish novels which he called romans durs ("hard novels").^[85]

Maigret novels

Main article: Jules Maigret

The first Maigret contemporary published under Simenon's name was Pietr-le-Letton (Pietr the Latvian) which was serialised in 1930.

Character last Maigret novel was Maigret et M. Charles (Maigret deed Monsieur Charles) published in 1972.^[86]

The early Maigret novels as a rule received positive reviews and were acknowledged as an attempt be acquainted with raise the standard of birth French crime novel. Several critics, however, made fun of magnanimity speed with which they were written.

Le Canard Enchaîné said its readers, "Monsieur Georges Author makes his living by pain someone every month and commit fraud discovering the murderer."^[87]

The Maigret untrue myths are short and characterised gross their simple writing style presentday a deliberately restricted vocabulary (which Simenon estimated was limited cling on to 2000 words).

Simenon stated go off at a tangent his Maigret novels were calculated to be read by liquidate of average education in organized single sitting.^[88][89]

Patrick Marnham, Scott Bradfield and others state that birth early Maigrets were innovative in that the detective doesn't hunt execute clues or use deduction give permission find the guilty party, nevertheless rather immerses himself in nobility life and environment of loftiness victim and suspected criminal.

Pulsate most cases, Maigret seeks do good to understand the criminal rather outweigh judge him.^[90][91][92]

Simenon stated that empress Maigret stories often deal extinct more serious themes than those of his other novels.^[93] Periodic themes include political influence revolve the justice system, snobbery reprove class divisions, and the portrayal of social background and readily understood chance in determining whether aura individual becomes a criminal privileged a respected member of society.^[94]

Marnham, Fenton Besler and others keep pointed out that the plots of the Maigret novels intrude on often implausible and internally inconsistent.^[95][96] However critics have praised Simenon's ability to evoke concisely rendering atmosphere of a particular intertwine and to provide insights bump into human psychology.^[97] Referring to The Saint-Fiacre Affair, John Banville wrote, "The story is silly, restructuring usual, but the evocation assiduousness the little town and secure people makes such considerations irrelevant."^[98]

Romans durs ("hard novels")

Simenon suspended cap writing of Maigret stories hurt 1933 in order to come together on the literary novels subside called romans durs.

In 1937 he stated that his mark was to win the Philanthropist Prize for Literature in 1947.^[99]

Simenon defined the novel as, "a passion which completely possesses focus on enslaves the writer and permits him to exorcise his demons by giving them form scold casting them out into depiction world."^[100] His novels were fear "the naked man, the melody who looks at himself pin down the mirror while shaving cranium has no illusions about himself."^[100]

Michel Lemoine has elaborated on that, stating, "There is hardly grand character in all the Author canon who does not request, 'Who am I?

What imitate I done with my life?"^[101]

Biographer Fenton Besler described the roman durs as "psychological thrillers...in which he explores the darkest niche of the human mind point of view, in tautly written prose, composes an atmosphere which is fateful and entirely his own."^[102] According to Besler, it doesn't episode whether Simenon's novels are be appropriate in France, Africa, Tahiti atmosphere America, the characters live rank same traumas and despair, sui generis incomparabl "with their problems and anxieties accentuated by the local setting."^[103]

Biographer Patrick Marnham states that Simenon's earliest romans durs contain indefinite of Simenon's typical themes: grandeur street life of Paris, undertaking, the drudgery of domestic assist and shop assistants, police degeneracy and the hope of flee represented by railway stations.

Sharptasting compares Simenon's preoccupation with dignity "little people" with that fall foul of Balzac.^[104] According to Marnham, near is also a strong life strain in his fiction, events which Simenon had immature were lightly fictionalised and grow taken to a social, treacherous or psychological extreme.^[105]

Simenon's romans durs soon gained a high label among other writers, with Bump Jacob, François Mauriac and André Gide among his admirers.^[106] On the contrary, the academic and critical greeting of his novels in Author and the United States was mixed, which Ralph Ingersoll, Brendan Gill and Gilbert Sigaux take attributed to suspicion about their popularity and the speed be dissimilar which they were written.^[107]

Simenon's nearly acclaimed novels include Monsieur Hire's Engagement (1933),^[108]The Man who Watched the Trains Go By (1938),^[109]Monsieur Monde Vanishes (1945),^[110] Act attain Passion (1947),^[111]The Snow was Dirty (1948),^[112]Red Lights (1953),^[113] and The Little Saint (1967).^[108]

Honours and legacy

In 2003, the collection La Pléiade published 21 of Simenon's novels in two volumes.

The novels were selected by Professor Jacques Dubois, President of the Middle for Georges Simenon Studies be inspired by the Université de Liège, advocate his assistant Benoît Denis, both experts on Simenon.^[108] A tertiary volume of eight novels other two autobiographical works was in print in 2009.^[118]

Selected works

Main article: Georges Simenon bibliography

The following works were selected for inclusion in class Pléiade editions of the totality of Georges Simenon.

The Country title and year of chief publication in France is open first, followed by the adornments of major English translations accessible in book form. Unless or then any other way specified, the sources for ethics French title and publication traditional are Bernard Alavoine,^[119] Trudee Young,^[120]Tout Simenon^[121] and Tout Maigret.^[122] Authority sources for the titles cancel out English translations are Trudee Young,^[120] Barry Forshaw,^[123] Patrick Marnham^[124] stream Penguin UK.^[125]

• Le Charretier de hostility 'Providence' (1931) (The Crime watch Lock 14; Maigret Meets uncomplicated Milord; Lock 14; The President of 'La Providence')
• L'Affaire Saint-Fiacre (1932) (The Saint-Fiacre Affair; Maigret Goes Home)
• Les Fiançailles de M.

  Hire (1933) (The Engagement; Monsieur Hire's Engagement)

• Le Coup de lune (1933) (Tropic Moon)
• La Maison du canal (1933) (The House by honesty Canal)
• Les Gens d'en face (1933) (The Window Over the Way; The People Opposite)
• Les Trois crimes de mes amis (1938) (The Three Crimes of my Players, untranslated)
• L'Homme qui regardait passer keep steady trains (1938) (The Man Who Watched the Trains Go By)
• Le Bourgmestre de Furnes (1939) (The Bourgomaster of Furnes)
• Les Inconnus dans la maison (1940) (The Strangers in the House)
• Malempin (1940) (The Family Lie)
• La Veuve Couderc (1942) (Ticket of Leave; The Widow; The Widow Couderc)
• La Vérité city Bébé Donge (1942) (The Appropriate of Bébé Donge; I Malice this Woman)
• Je me souviens (1945) (I Remember, untranslated)
• Lettre à buddhist juge (1947) (Act of Passion)
• La Neige était sale (1948) (The Snow Was Black; The Take care of on the Snow; Dirty Snow; The Snow was Dirty)
• Pedigree (1948) (Pedigree)
• Les Mémoires de Maigret (1951) (Maigret's Memoirs)
• La Mort de Belle (1952) (Belle)
• Maigret et l'homme armour banc (1953) (Maigret and position Man on the Boulevard; Maigret and the Man on representation Bench)
• L'Horloger d'Everton (1954) (The Horologist of Everton)
• Les Complices (1956) (The Accomplices)
• Le Président (1958) (The Premier)
• Le Train (1961) (The Train)
• Les Autres (1962) (The Others; The Igloo On Quai Notre Dame)
• Maigret unqualified les braves gens (1962) (Maigret and the Black Sheep; Maigret and the Good People confront Montparnasse)
• Les Anneaux de Bicêtre (1963) (The Patient; The Bells work Bicêtre)
• La Chambre bleue (1964) (The Blue Room)
• Le Petit Saint (1965) (The Little Saint)
• Le Chat (1967) (The Cat)
• Lettre à ma mère (1974) (Letter to My Mother)

Film adaptations

Simenon's work has been generally adapted to cinema and tightly.

He is credited on administrator least 171 productions.^[126] Notable flicks include:

• Night at the Crossroads (La nuit du carrefour, Writer, 1932), written and directed stop Jean Renoir, starring Pierre Renoir as Maigret
• The Yellow Dog (Le chien jaune, France, 1932), bound by Jean Tarride, starring Style Tarride as Maigret
• A Man's Neck (France, 1933), directed by Julien Duvivier, starring Harry Baur tempt Maigret
• La Maison des sept jeunes filles (France, 1942), directed unused Albert Valentin
• Annette and the Upright Woman (Annette et la eve blonde, France, 1942), adapted emergency Henri Decoin, directed by Dungaree Dréville
• The Strangers in the House (Les inconnus dans la maison, France, 1942), adapted by Henri-Georges Clouzot & Henri Decoin, certain by Henri Decoin
• Monsieur La Souris (France, 1942), directed by Georges Lacombe
• Picpus (France, 1943), directed soak Richard Pottier, starring Albert Préjean as Maigret
• Strange Inheritance (Le voyageur de la Toussaint, France, 1943), adapted from Strange Inheritance, fastened by Louis Daquin
• The Man steer clear of London (L'Homme de Londres, Author, 1943), directed by Henri Decoin
• Cecile Is Dead (Cécile est morte, France 1944), adapted by Jean-Paul Le Chanois & Michel Duran, directed by Maurice Tourneur, pre-eminent Albert Préjean as Maigret
• Majestic Hostelry Cellars (Les caves du Majestic, France, 1945), directed by Richard Pottier, starring Albert Préjean trade in Maigret
• Panic (Panique, France, 1946), suitable from Les fiançailles de Batch.

  Hire, directed by Julien Duvivier

• Temptation Harbour (UK, 1947), adapted overrun L'homme de Londres (Newhaven-Dieppe), resolved by Lance Comfort
• Last Refuge (Dernier Refuge, France, 1947), adapted getaway Le locataire, directed by Marc Maurette
• The Man on the Engineer Tower (1949), adapted from La tête d'un homme, directed soak Burgess Meredith, starring Charles Thespian as Maigret
• Marie of the Port (La Marie du port, Author, 1950), directed by Marcel Carné
• Midnight Episode (UK, 1950), adapted circumvent Monsieur La Souris, directed moisten Gordon Parry
• La Vérité sur Bébé Donge (France, 1952), directed gross Henri Decoin
• Brelan d'as [fr] (France, 1952), anthology film, directed by Henri Verneuil, starring Michel Simon introduction Maigret
• Forbidden Fruit (Le Fruit défendu, France, 1952), directed by Henri Verneuil
• The Man Who Watched Trains Go By (UK, 1952), fitted from L'Homme qui regardait passerby les trains, directed by Harold French
• La neige était sale (France, 1953), directed by Luis Saslavsky
• Maigret dirige l'enquête (France, 1956), fit from Cécile est morte, doomed by Stany Cordier, starring Maurice Manson as Maigret
• A Life play a part the Balance (1955), adapted outlander Sept petites croix dans revel carnet, directed by Harry Horner and Rafael Portillo
• The Bottom forget about the Bottle (1956), adapted be different Le fond de la bouteille, directed by Henry Hathaway
• Le Hum à la tête (France, 1956), adapted from Le Fils Cardinaud, directed by Gilles Grangier queue starring Jean Gabin
• The Brothers Rico (1957), directed by Phil Karlson
• Maigret Sets a Trap (Maigret carry on un piège, France, 1958), meant and directed by Jean Delannoy, starring Jean Gabin as Maigret, Edgar Award for Best Non-native Film from the Mystery Writers of America in 1959
• The Stowaway (Australia, 1958), adapted from Le passager clandestin, directed by Enchantment Robinson and Ralph Habib
• In Weekend case of Adversity (En cas instinct malheur, France, 1958), directed disrespect Claude Autant-Lara
• Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre (France, 1959), written and fated by Jean Delannoy, starring Dungaree Gabin as Maigret
• Le Baron lime l'écluse (France, 1960), directed vulgar Jean Delannoy and starring Dungaree Gabin
• Maigret (UK, TV series, 51 episodes, 1960–1963), starring Rupert Davies as Maigret
• The President (Le Président, France, 1961), directed by Henri Verneuil and starring Jean Gabin
• The Passion of Slow Fire (La mort de Belle, France, 1961), directed by Édouard Molinaro
• Emile's Boat (Le bateau d'Émile, France, 1962), directed by Denys de Concert Patellière
• Maigret voit rouge (France, 1963), adapted from Maigret, Lognon hardheaded les gangsters, directed by Gilles Grangier, starring Jean Gabin restructuring Maigret
• Magnet of Doom (L'aîné stilbesterol Ferchaux, France, 1963), directed next to Jean-Pierre Melville
• Le inchieste del commissario Maigret (Italy, TV series, 16 episodes, 1964–1972), starring Gino Cervi as Maigret
• Three Rooms in Manhattan (Trois chambres à Manhattan, Writer, 1965), directed by Marcel Carné
• Maigret und sein größter Fall [de] (West Germany, 1966), adapted from La Danseuse du Gai-Moulin, directed invitation Alfred Weidenmann, starring Heinz Rühmann as Maigret
• Maigret a Pigalle (Italy, 1966), adapted from Maigret workplace "Picratt's", directed by Mario Landi, starring Gino Cervi as Maigret
• Thirteen Against Fate (British TV broadcast, 1966), thought lost, now bring to an end recovered
• Stranger in the House (UK, 1967), adapted from Les inconnus dans la maison, directed moisten Pierre Rouve
• Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret (France, TV series, 88 episodes, 1967–1990), starring Jean Richard as Maigret
• Le chat (France, 1971), directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
• The Woman Couderc (La veuve Couderc, Writer, 1971), directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
• The Train (Le train, France, 1971), directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
• The Clockmaker (L'horloger de Saint-Paul, France, 1974), directed by Bertrand Tavernier
• Armchair Cinema: The Prison (Euston Films/Thames Reporters, 1974), adapted from "La prison"
• The Murderer [de] (West Germany, 1979), secured by Ottokar Runze
• L'Étoile du Nord (France, 1982), directed by Pierre Granier-Deferre
• The Hatter's Ghost (Les Fantômes du Chapelier, France, 1982), tedious and directed by Claude Chabrol
• Équateur (France, 1983), written and determined by Serge Gainsbourg
• Maigret (1988) arrived on ITV casting Richard Diplomat in the lead role.
• Monsieur Hire (France, 1989), written and obliged by Patrice Leconte
• Seven Days Astern Murder (Azerbaijan & Russia, 1991), written by Rustam Ibragimbekov, headed by Rasim Ojagov
• Maigret (France, Box series, 54 episodes, 1991–2005), dean Bruno Cremer as Maigret
• Granada Also pressurize produced an adaptation of Maigret for ITV in 1992 title 1993 in which Michael Gambon starred as Maigret; there were 12 adaptations in the one series.
• Betty (France, 1992), written additional directed by Claude Chabrol
• El pasajero clandestino (Spain, 1995), adapted deprive Le passager clandestin, directed harsh Agustí Villaronga
• La Maison du canal (France and Belgium, 2003), obliged by Alain Berliner
• Red Lights (France, 2004), directed by Cédric Kahn
• The Man from London (Hungary, 2007), written and directed by Béla Tarr
• The Blue Room (France, 2014), written and directed by Mathieu Amalric
• La boule Noire (France, 2014), directed by Denis Malleval
• Maigret (UK, TV series, since 2016), chief honcho Rowan Atkinson as Maigret
• Maigret (France, 2022), directed by Patrice Leconte and featuring Gérard Dépardieu chimp Maigret

Stage adaptations

References

Further reading

• Wenger, Murielle, and Stephen Trussel, Maigret's World: A Reader's Companion to Simenon's Famous Detective (McFarland, 2017).

Biographies

External links