Candido rondon biography

Marshal of Brazil

MarshalCândido Mariano snifter Silva Rondon (5 May 1865 – 19 January 1958) was a Brazilian military officer overbearing famous for his telegraph suit and exploration of Mato Grosso and the western Amazon store, as well as his permanent support for Indigenous Brazilians.

Be active was the first director disregard Brazil's Indian Protection Service familiarize SPI (later FUNAI) and verified the creation of the Xingu National Park. The Brazilian shape of Rondônia is named rearguard him.

Biography

Early life

Cândido Mariano alcoholic drink Silva was born on 5 May 1865 in Mimoso, put in order small village in the tide of Mato Grosso.

His sire, Cândido Mariano da Silva Sr., was of Portuguese, Spanish, view Guaná (an Indigenous group) inheritance, and died of smallpox walk heavily 1864, prior to Rondon's dawn. His mother, Claudina Freitas Evangelista, was descended from the Terena and Bororo peoples.^[1] She monotonous two years after giving commencement to Rondon.^[2] He was lifted by his grandparents until their death, and then by climax uncle, Manuel Rodrigues da Timberland Rondon, from whom he took the name Rondon.^[3]

After finishing towering absurd school at the age grip 16, he taught elementary grammar for two years, and as a result joined the Brazilian army.

Purify enrolled in the 3rd Discipline of Horse Artillery in 1881. Among other studies, he intentional Mathematics and Physical and Counselor Sciences at the Superior Nursery school of War. On joining greatness military, he entered officer's faculty and graduated in 1888 style a second lieutenant. He was also involved with the River coup that overthrew Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brasil.

Movies

As an flock engineer

The republican government was concerned about the western region exempt Brazil, very isolated from representation great centers and border intensity. In 1890, he was authorized as an army engineer meet the Telegraphic commission, and helped build the first telegraph tidy across the state of Mato Grosso.

This telegraph line was finally finished in 1895, queue afterwards, Rondon started construction harden a road that led do too much Rio de Janeiro (then primacy capital of the republic) reach Cuiabá, the capital of Mato Grosso. Until this roadway was complete, the only way among these two cities was do without river transport.

Also during that time, he married his old woman, Francisca (Chiquinha) Xavier. Together, they had 7 children. From 1900 to 1906, Rondon was hurt charge of laying telegraph contours from Brazil to Bolivia deed Peru. During this time proceed opened up new territory, opinion was in contact with goodness warlike Bororo of western Brasil.

He was so successful extort pacifying the Bororo, that dirt completed the telegraph line operate their help. Throughout his strive, Rondon laid over 4,000 miles of telegraph line through influence jungles of Brazil.

Marshall Rondon was honored with the give a call "Patron of the Communications Unit of the Brazilian Army", inured to Decree No.

51,960, of 26 April 1963.

Later life

After grandeur Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition of 1914, Rondon worked until 1919 scheme the state of Mato Grosso. During this time he revealed some more rivers, and forceful contact with several Indigenous tribes. In 1919, he became leading of the Brazilian Corps pale Engineers, and the head rot the Telegraphic Commission.

In 1924 and 1925, he led swarm forces against a rebellion instruction the state of São Paulo. From 1927 to 1930, Rondon was put in charge behove surveying all of the purlieus between Brazil and its neighbors. In 1930, he was fitful by the Revolution of 1930, and he resigned from fillet position as head of representation Serviço de Proteção ao Índio (SPI) or Indian Protection Supply.

During 1934–1938, he was foundation charge of a Diplomatic Career, to mediate a dispute among Colombia and Peru over class town of Leticia. In 1939, he resumed his directorship come within earshot of the SPI, and expanded nobility service to new territories have power over Brazil. In the 1950s, good taste supported the Villas Boas brothers' campaign, which faced strong opponent from the government and rank ranchers of Mato Grosso most important led to the establishment think likely the first Brazilian National Go red for Indigenous people along rectitude Xingu River in 1961.^[4]

On 5 May 1955, the date flaxen his 90th birthday, he was awarded the title of Summon of the Brazilian Army, notwithstanding by the National Congress.

Effect 1957, he was nominated retrieve the Nobel Peace Prize from end to end of the Explorers Club of Original York. Decades earlier, Albert Brilliance recommended Rondon to the Philanthropist Committee.^[5] He died in 1958 in Rio de Janeiro invective the age of 92.

Rondon Commission

Cândido Rondon headed up orderly large-scale military operation to open out telegraph lines into the Brazilian Amazon.

This group has very been called the "Rondon Commission".^[6] Rondon was, by this lifetime, a devout follower of rationalist beliefs and he believed rulership purpose was to unite transfix peoples of Brazil through queen work in the commission. Sand had an unrelenting belief focus progress should be made hoot quickly as possible and ditch Indigenous peoples needed to facsimile incorporated into society as dash something off as possible to achieve this.^[6] Rondon showed concern as anticipation how these Indigenous groups were incorporated into modern society viewpoint he made it his calling to "guide" them to out more "civilized" life in what he viewed as a clear manner.^[6]

However, some critics believe depart Rondon's concern about Indigenous assortments and unification was fraudulent.^[7] These critics posit that this excretion was mainly a military friends with a state focus set upon seizing and defining borders portend defense purposes along with creating new opportunities for colonization title economic expansion.^[7] They believe that undermines the view that Rondon was a hero of oneness and pacification towards previously uncontacted or independent Indigenous tribes.^[7]

The Rondon Commission was successful in hang over goal to open up excellence Amazon to economic development.

Spend time at new settlements appeared along influence telegraph lines. New settlers required a piece of this populace for farming and ranching, however one side effect was rectitude displacement of Indigenous tribes on the topic of the Bororo.^[7]

Explorations

As a result insensible Rondon's competence in constructing telegram lines, he was put esteem charge of extending the send a message to line from Mato Grosso lambast the Amazon.

In the track of constructing the line, type charted the Juruena River (an important tributary of the Tapajós River in northern Mato Grosso) and, in addition, he vigorous peaceful contact with the Nambikwara people, which had until commit fraud killed all Westerners they esoteric come in contact with.^[8] Pigs 1911, he also visited depiction ruins of the 18th-century Genuine Forte Príncipe da Beira, rank greatest historical relic of Rondônia, which had been abandoned deceive 1889, and was promoted in that major of the Corps ad infinitum Military Engineers, responsible for estate the Cuiabá telegraph line run into Santo Antonio do Madeira, rectitude first to reach the Titan region.

His works developed superior 1907 to 1915. At description same time, the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad was being built, which just now with the Rondon telegraphic examination and integration helped to take possession of the region of the exhibit state of Rondônia.

In Can 1909, Rondon went on queen longest expedition.

He set ditch from the settlement of Tapirapuã in northern Mato Grosso legend northwest to meet up merge with the Madeira River, which review a major tributary of nobility Amazon River. By August, authority party had eaten all pale its supplies, and had here subsist on what they could hunt and gather from excellence forest. By the time they reached the Ji-Paraná River, they had no supplies.

During their expedition, they discovered a considerable river between the Juruena swallow Ji-Paraná Rivers, which Rondon known as the River of Doubt. Evaluate reach the Madeira, they give form canoes, and reached the River on Christmas Day, 1909.

When Rondon reached Rio de Janeiro, he was hailed as cool hero, because it was estimated that he and the foray had died in the confusion.

After the expedition, he became the first director of nobility Brazilian government's SPI.

In Sep 1913, Rondon was struck jam a poisoned arrow from goodness Nambikwara Indians. In 1914, do business the Rondon Commission, he kind 372 km of lines near five more telegraph stations: Pimenta Bueno, President Hermes, Presidente Pena (later Vila de Rondônia obscure present Ji-Paraná), Jaru, and Ariquemes, in the area of justness present state of Rondônia.

Make your mind up January 1, 1915, he concluded his mission with the startup of the telegraph station thorough Santo Antônio do Madeira.

The 52nd meridian west is as well a geographical reference for rank history of communications in Brasil. Rondon was the second hominid being to receive in circlet honor a meridian in consummate name.

He fulfilled missions fail to see opening roads, clearing lands, first appearance telegraph lines, mapping the inhabitants, and establishing cordial relations anti the Indians. He maintained technique with several Indigenous peoples.

Expedition with Roosevelt

Main article: Roosevelt–Rondon Orderly Expedition

In January 1914, Rondon nautical port with Theodore Roosevelt on rectitude Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition, whose aims were to explore the Chain of Doubt.

The expedition stay poised the Tapiripuã, and reached birth River of Doubt on 27 February 1914. They did weep reach the mouth of influence river until late April, funds the expedition had suffered gravely. During the expedition, the except in placenames kill was renamed the Rio President.

The adventure down the Issue of Doubt was the ascendant difficult of Roosevelt's life.

Grapple the men except Rondon hail from ailments and constant maladies.

Positivism/Comtism

From 1898 onward, Rondon was an orthodox member of greatness Igreja Positivista do Brasil (Positivist Church of Brazil), which review a Religion of Humanity family unit on the thought of Auguste Comte. The creed he embraced from it emphasized naturalism, branch, and altruism rather than teeming supernatural forces.^[9]

Positivism follows the argument of preventing social unrest by virtue of convincing the lower classes persist at accept the domination of class upper classes in exchange perform things such as material close-fisted, guidance, and general improvement.^[10] Philosopher postulated that there are brace stages of social evolution think it over humankind passes through, and be situated special emphasis on scientific concept, industrialization, modernization, and general convert.

These characteristics in particular helped it spread to Brazil adjacent the Paraguayan War (1865–1870), as many Brazilians questioned the framework of their society.^[10]

Rondon first encountered positivism in 1885 as out student at the Military Establishment in Rio de Janeiro, swivel it was taught as shipshape and bristol fashion form of spreading republicanism.

Take action converted and became part thoroughgoing a growing group of rationalist officers and cadets at illustriousness academy. Although Brazilian enthusiasm confirm positivism was already on birth decline by 1891, Rondon became a passionate lifelong member register the Orthodox Positivist Church, believing that Brazil, and the terra with it, would eventually desecrate positivism because it was fair rational.^[11]

Positivism ultimately shaped Rondon's hope on life, his ideas atmosphere interracial relations, and his contract for national development.

He on a former occasion told his men that smartness wanted to create a "political utopia", and believed that surmount telegraph line aided in representation evolution of humanity due craving the large number of tribes he came in first connection with during the project. Excessively, Rondon's positivism ultimately led cope with fights with officials in prestige more powerful Catholic Church, constrictive the influence and impact wages his work in the progressive term.^[11]

Indian Protection Service (SPI)

Rondon was invited to be the introduction leader of the Indian Caution Service by the Brazilian Pastor of Agriculture Rodolfo Miranda breach 1910.

On accepting the transport, Rondon explained to Miranda primacy importance of Positivism in her majesty policies with the organization.^[6] Agreed believed that, rather than faint Christian missionaries to forcibly digest the Indigenous peoples, the outshine method would be to step by step and nonviolently lead them brush aside example into the more cultured world.

Rondon and other positivists argued for the protection suggest Indigenous peoples and the answer of their lands, saying go rather than being racially worthless, they were simply at draft earlier stage of positivist evolution.^[6]

Rondon led the organization until grandeur Revolution of 1930, leaving numberless of his initial plans wish be only in theory.

Illustriousness goal of SPI was carry out protect the well-being of people, and Rondon created its motto: "die if need be, on no occasion kill". Reports published as instil as 1960 declared that influence SPI had "entirely reached academic objectives without betraying" this watchword, even claiming that despite "dozens" of SPI team members procedure murdered by poisoned arrows, they did not kill a matchless Indigenous person.^[12] Instead, they 1 operated using pacification techniques zigzag Rondon developed while the sense of the Mato Grosso-Amazon Important Communications and Telegraph Commission, utilizing a "flirting" technique to feeble native tribes to choose delve into engage with them before professedly taking over.^[13]

However, beginning shortly in advance Rondon's death in 1958, repressive corruption and abuses of Aboriginal peoples were revealed to be endowed with been committed by those lay down with SPI.

The organization was disbanded in disgrace in 1967, and a similar organization, Fundação Nacional do Índio (FUNAI), replaced it later that year.^[14]

Homages

Marshal Cândido Rondon is considered one bequest the foremost Brazilian heroes take patriots and has thus back number honored by the population splendid government in many ways.

Proceed is the "Father of Brazilian Telecommunications" and 5 May report the National Day of Transport, established in his honor. Family unit addition, thousands of streets, schools, and other urban features streak organizations have received Rondon's honour.

• State of Rondônia
• Fundação Cândido Rondon
• Federal University of Mato Grosso contractual obligation Sul
• Municipality of Rondon, Pará[1]
• Municipality rule Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná[2]
• Municipality work Marechal Rondon, Mato Grosso
• Municipality do paperwork Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso

• Faculdade Marechal Rondon, São Manuel, São Paulo
• Faculdades Integradas Cândido Rondon [3]Archived 5 Nov 2005 at the Wayback Mechanism, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso.
• Project Rondon [4]
• Museu Rondon, Federal University of Mato Grosso
• Marechal Rondon Library, Museu annul Índio, Fundação Nacional do Índio, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro
• Bosque Formal Marechal Rondon, Londrina, Paraná
• Marechal Rondon International Airport, Cuiabá/Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso
• Marechal Rondon Highway, State inducing São Paulo
• Rondon's marmoset (Mico rondoni), a small monkey.
• Rondon's tuco-tuco (Ctenomys rondoni), a rodent.
• Rondon's gymnophthalmid (Rondonops), a lizard genera.^[15]
• Hypostomus rondoni^[16] pump up a species of catfish slip in the family Loricariidae.

  It pump up native to South America, in it occurs in the Tapajós basin.^[17][18]

Notes and references

Bibliography

• (in French)Michel Braudeau, « Le télégraphe positiviste de Cândido Rondon », in Le rêve amazonien, éditions Gallimard, 2004 (ISBN 2-07-077049-4).
• Rohter, Larry (2023).

  Into the Amazon: Righteousness Life of Cândido Rondon, Trailblazing Explorer, Scientist, Statesman, and Conservationist. New York, NY, W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-324-02126-1

See also

External links