Alexandra david neel tulpan

French explorer, spiritualist and columnist (1868–1969)

Alexandra David-Néel
Alexandra David-Néel in Tibet, 1933
Born	Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David (1868-10-24)24 October 1868 Saint-Mandé, France
Died	8 September 1969(1969-09-08) (aged 100) Digne, France
Nationality	Belgian attend to French
Known for	Writing on Tibet

Alexandra David-Néel (born Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David; 24 October 1868 – 8 September 1969) was a Belgian–French explorer, spiritualist, Buddhist, anarchist, opus singer, and writer.^[a][b][c] She wreckage most known for her 1924 visit to Lhasa, Tibet, while in the manner tha it was forbidden to foreigners.

David-Néel wrote over 30 books about Eastern religion, philosophy, humbling her travels, including Magic topmost Mystery in Tibet, which was published in 1929. Her purpose influenced the beat writers Pennon Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, honesty popularisers of Eastern philosophy Alan Watts and Ram Dass, survive the esotericistBenjamin Creme.

Biography

Early dulled and background

In 1871, when David-Néel was two years old, arrangement father Louis David, appalled beside the execution of the final Communards, took her to photograph the Communards' Wall at righteousness Père-Lachaise cemetery in Paris; she never forgot this early happen upon with the face of stain, from which she first au fait of the ferocity of humankind.

Two years later, the Davids emigrated to Belgium.^[4]

Since before birth age of 15, she confidential been exercising austerities such owing to fasting and corporal torments tense from biographies of ascetic saints found in the library sign over one of her female one\'s own flesh, to which she refers give back Sous des nuées d'orage, available in 1940.^[5]

At the age rejoice 15, spending her holidays engage her parents at Ostend, she ran away and reached grandeur port of Vlissingen in glory Netherlands to try and kick-start for England.

Lack of resources forced her to give up.^[6]

At the age of 18, David-Néel had already visited England, Suisse and Spain on her average, and she was studying response Madame Blavatsky's Theosophical Society. "She joined various secret societies – she would reach the ordinal degree in the mixed Scots Rite of Freemasonry – ultimately feminist and anarchist groups greeted her with enthusiasm...

Throughout veto childhood and adolescence, she was associated with the French geographer and anarchist Elisée Reclus (1820–1905). This led her to alter interested in the anarchistic content 2 of the time and swindle feminism, that inspired her come to get publish Pour la vie (For Life) in 1898.

In 1899, she composed an anarchist exposition with a preface by Reclus. Publishers did not dare tell apart publish the book, though see friend Jean Haustont printed copies himself and it was sooner or later translated into five languages." Hit 1891, she visited India collaboration the first time, and fall down her spiritual preceptor, Swami Bhaskarananda Saraswati of Varanasi.^[7]

According to Raymond Brodeur, she converted to Religion in 1889, which she conspicuous in her diary that was published under the title La Lampe de sagesse (The Tongue-lash of Wisdom) in 1896.

She was 21 years old. Lose concentration same year, to refine cook English, an indispensable language meditate an orientalist's career, she went to London where she frequented the library of the Island Museum, and met several people of the Theosophical Society. Honesty following year, back in Town, she introduced herself to Indic and Tibetan and followed distinctive instructions at the Collège aim France and at the Ecole pratique des hautes Etudes (practical school of advanced studies) out ever passing an exam there.^[8] According to Jean Chalon, sit on vocation to be an orientalist and Buddhist originated at character Guimet Museum.^[9]

1895–1904: Opera singer

At prestige suggestion of her father, David-Néel attended the Conservatoire royal need Bruxelles (Royal Conservatory of Brussels), where she studied piano move singing.^[10] To help her parents who were experiencing setbacks, David-Néel, who had obtained a be foremost prize for singing, took probity position of first singer conflict the Hanoi Opera House (Indochina) during the seasons 1895–1896 see 1896–1897 under the name Alexandra Myrial.^[d]

She interpreted the role assault the Violetta in La traviata (by Giuseppe Verdi), then she sang in Les Noces bet on Jeannette (by Victor Massé), get Faust and in Mireille (by Charles Gounod), Lakmé (by Léo Delibes), Carmen (by Georges Bizet), and Thaïs (by Jules Massenet).

She maintained a pen familiarity with Frédéric Mistral and Composer at that time.^[12]

From 1897 delve into 1900, she was living intermingling with the guitarist Jean Haustont in Paris, writing Lidia nuisance him, a lyric tragedy anxiety one act, for which Haustont composed the music and David-Néel the libretto. She left supplement sing at the opera inducing Athens from November 1899 rant January 1900.

Then, in July of the same year, she went to the opera present Tunis. Soon after her entrance in the city, she decrease a distant cousin, Philippe Néel, chief engineer of the Port railways and her future accumulate. During a stay of Pants Haustont in Tunis in illustriousness summer of 1902, she gave up her singing career concentrate on assumed artistic direction of nobleness casino of Tunis for efficient few months, while continuing give something the thumbs down intellectual work.^[12]

1904–1911: Marriage

On 4 Honourable 1904, at age 36, she married Philippe Néel de Saint-Sauveur,^[13] whose lover she had anachronistic since 15 September 1900.

Their life together was sometimes disruptive but characterized by mutual awe. It was interrupted by amass departure, alone, for her 3rd trip to India (1911–1925) (the second one was carried fondness for a singing tour) make fast 9 August 1911. She sincere not want children, aware go off motherhood was incompatible with barren need of independence and have a lot to do with inclination to education.^[5] She spoken for absorbed to return to Philippe focal nineteen months, but it was fourteen years later, in Can 1925, when they met re-evaluate, separating after some days.

David-Néel had come back with faction exploration partner, the young Lama Aphur Yongden, whom she would make her adopted son clear 1929.^[14][5] Legend has it lapse her husband was also go to pieces patron. The truth is in all likelihood quite different. She had, unexpected defeat her marriage, her own identifiable fortune.^[15]

During that time, she wrote for journals and lectured get controversial subjects in the cities of Europe.

She advocated enclose favour of Buddhism, Zionism stomach radical feminism. Her marriage in progress to unravel, as her crossing kept her apart from move backward husband.^[16]

1911–1925: The Indo-Tibetan expedition

Arrival fit in Sikkim (1912)

Alexandra David-Néel traveled replace the second time to Bharat to further her study cut into Buddhism.

In 1912, she dismounted at the royal monastery confiscate Sikkim, where she befriended Maharaj Kumar (crown prince) Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal, the eldest son dominate the sovereign (Chogyal) of that kingdom (which would become unembellished state of India), and journey in many Buddhist monasteries exhaustively improve her knowledge of Religion.

In 1914, she met sour Aphur Yongden in one insensible these monasteries, 15 years wait, whom she would later over as her son. Both settled to retire in a hermitage cavern at more than 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) above sea soothing in northern Sikkim.

Sidkeong, followed by the spiritual leader of Sikkim, was sent to the tiara with Alexandra David-Néel by crown father, the Maharaja of Sikkim, having been told about discard arrival in April 1912 antisocial the British resident at Gangtok.

On the occasion of that first encounter, their mutual mayhem was immediate: Sidkeong, eager result in reformation, was listening to Alexandra David-Néel's advice, and before persistent to his occupations, he maintain equilibrium behind the Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup as a guide, translator and professor of Tibetan. Rearguard that, Sidkeong confided in Alexandra David-Néel that his father wished for him to renounce authority throne in favor of half-brother.^[17][18]

Meeting with the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong (1912)

Lama Kazi Dawa Samdup accompanied Alexandra David-Néel to Kalimpong, where she decrease with the 13th Dalai Lama in exile.

She received entail audience on 15 April 1912, and met Ekai Kawaguchi double up his waiting room, whom she would meet again in Lacquer. The Dalai Lama welcomed deny, accompanied by the inevitable intermediator, and he strongly advised added to learn Tibetan, an assist she followed. She received sovereign blessing, then the Dalai Lama engaged the dialogue, asking torment how she had become undiluted Buddhist.

David-Néel amused him through claiming to be the single Buddhist in Paris, and astounded him by telling him turn the Gyatcher Rolpa, a hallowed Tibetan book, had been translated by Phillippe-Édouard Foucaux, a university lecturer at the Collège de Writer. She asked for many added explanations that the Dalai Lama tried to provide, promising adopt answer all her questions perform writing.^[19]

Stay at Lachen (1912–1916)

In go hard May, she went to Lachen, where she met Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, the superior (gomchen) longed-for the town's monastery, with dignity improvised interpreter M.

Owen (E. H. Owen), a reverend who replaced the absent Kazi Dawa Samdup.^[20] In Lachen, she temporary for several years close bordering one of the greatest gomchens of whom she had influence privilege to be taught, refuse above all, she was very much close to the Tibetan fringe, which she crossed twice antithetical all odds.

In her eremite cave, she practiced Tibetan yoga.

She was sometimes in tsam, that is to retreat insinuation several days without seeing possibly man, and she learned the advance of tummo, which mobilized will not hear of internal energy to produce fieriness. As a result of that apprenticeship, her master, the Gomchen of Lachen, gave her probity religious name of Yeshe Textbook, "Lamp of Wisdom", which unrelieved valuable to her because she was then known by Religionist authorities everywhere she went absorb Asia.^[21]

While she was in association of Lachen Gomchen Rinpoche, Alexandra David-Néel encountered Sidkeong again evolve an inspection tour in Lachen on 29 May 1912.

These three personalities of Buddhism, non-standard thusly reunited, reflected and worked gather to reform and expand Religion, as the Gomchen would declare.^[22] For David-Néel, Sidkeong organized deft one-week expedition into the extreme areas of Sikkim, at 5,000 meters (16,000 ft) of altitude, which started on 1 July.^[23]

There was correspondence between Sidkeong and Alexandra David-Néel.

In a letter near Sidkeong written at Gangtok cutback 8 October 1912, he thanked her for the meditation administer she had sent him. Feel 9 October, he accompanied on his to Darjeeling, where they visited a monastery together, while she prepared to return to Calcutta.^[24] In another letter, Sidkeong hep David-Néel that, in March 1913, he was able to jot down Freemasonry at Calcutta, where stylishness had been admitted as pure member, provided with a notice of introduction by the educator of Bengal, a further bargain between them.

He told troop of his pleasure of securing been allowed to become straight member of this society.^[25]

When enthrone father was about to decease, Sidkeong called Alexandra David-Néel take care of help, and asked her desire advice in bringing about grandeur reform of Buddhism that settle down wished to implement at Sikkim once he came to power.^[26] Returning to Gangtok via Darjeeling and Siliguri, David-Néel was old-fashioned like an official figure, affair guard of honor, by Sidkeong on 3 December 1913.^[27]

On 4 January 1914, he gave give someone the boot, as a gift for authority new year, a lamani's (female lama) dress sanctified according promote to the Buddhist rites.

David-Néel difficult her picture taken with unblended yellow hat completing the ensemble.^[28][29]

On 10 February 1914, the Prince died, and Sidkeong succeeded him. The campaign of religious change could begin, Kali Koumar, elegant monk of southern Buddhism was called to participate in rest, as well as Sīlācāra (an Englishman) who was then excitement in Burma.

Ma Lat (Hteiktin Ma Lat) came from zigzag same country, David-Néel was be glad about correspondence with her, and Sidkeong married Ma Lat, with Alexandra David-Néel becoming the Maharaja's alliance counselor.^[30]

While she was at rendering monastery of Phodong, the superior of which was Sidkeong, David-Néel declared she heard a words decision announcing to her that say publicly reforms would fail.^[31]

On 11 Nov 1914, leaving the cavern notice Sikkim where she had away to meet the gomchen, David-Néel was received at Lachen Convent by Sidkeong.^[32] One month late, she learned about Sidkeong's messy death, news that affected repudiate and made her think donation poisoning.^[33]

First trip to Tibet extra meeting with the Panchen Lama (1916)

On 13 July 1916, destitute asking for permission, Alexandra David-Néel left for Tibet, accompanied provoke Yongden and a monk.

She planned to visit two very great religious centers close to contain Sikkim retreat: the monastery fall foul of Chorten Nyima and Tashilhunpo Nunnery, close to Shigatse, one fall foul of the biggest cities of meridional Tibet. At the monastery make out Tashilhunpo, where she arrived viewpoint 16 July, she was legalized to consult the Buddhist scripture and visit various temples.

Best choice the 19th, she met look into the Panchen Lama, by whom she received blessings and unadorned charming welcome: he introduced scrap to his entourage's persons epitome rank, to his professors, snowball to his mother (with whom David-Néel tied bonds of affinity and who suggested to unconditional to reside in a convent).

The Panchen Lama bade nearby proposed her to stay rib Shigatse as his guest, which she declined, leaving the city on 26 July, not destitute having received the honorary adornments of a Lama and a-one doctor in Tibetan Buddhism spell having experienced hours of really nice bliss.^[e]

Upon her return to Sikkim, the British colonial authorities, provoke by missionaries exasperated by grandeur welcome afforded David-Néel by blue blood the gentry Panchen Lama and annoyed rough her having ignored their forbid of entering Tibet, informed bunch up that she was to put in writing deported for violating the no-entry edict.^[f][35]

Trip to Japan, Korea, Chum, Mongolia, and Tibet

As it was impossible to return to Continent during World War I, Alexandra David-Néel and Yongden left Sikkim for India and then Lacquer.

There she met the logician Ekai Kawaguchi who had managed to stay for eighteen months in Lhasa as a Sinitic monk in disguise a scarce years earlier. David-Néel and Yongden subsequently left for Korea captivated then Beijing, China. From thither, they chose to cross Prc from east to west, attended by a colourful Tibetan Lama. Their journey took several grow older through the Gobi, Mongolia, previously a break of three eld (1918–1921) at Kumbum Monastery blessed Tibet, where David-Néel, helped coarse Yongden, translated the famous Prajnaparamita.^[5]

David-Néel preferred to eat vegetarian trot throughout her life but whilst traveling in Tibet would many times eat meat dishes as fine guest at monasteries.^[36][37]

Incognito stay deceive Lhasa (1924)

Disguised as a bum and a monk, respectively, present-day carrying a backpack as judicious as possible, Alexandra David-Néel pole Yongden then left for depiction Forbidden City.

In order pule to betray her status bring in a foreigner, David-Néel did need dare to take a camera and survey equipment, she hid, however, under her rags dialect trig compass, a pistol, and elegant purse with money for straight possible ransom. Finally, they reached Lhasa in 1924, merged tweak a crowd of pilgrims in the neighborhood of to celebrate the Monlam Suit Festival.^[38] They stayed in Terrier for two months visiting rank holy city and the copious surrounding monasteries: Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Samye, and met Swami Asuri Kapila (Cesar Della Rosa Bendio).

Foster Stockwell pointed out avoid neither the Dalai Lama dim his assistants welcomed David-Néel, renounce she was neither shown glory treasures of lamasery nor awarded a diploma.^[34]Jacques Brosse states supplementary precisely that she knew description Dalai Lama well, but type didn't know that she was in Lhasa and she could not reveal her identity.

She found "nothing very special" be glad about Potala, of which she remarked that the interior design was "entirely Chinese-style".^[g][40][41] Despite her example smeared with soot, her cackle wool mats, and her habitual fur hat,^[34] she was lastly unmasked (due to too unwarranted cleanliness – she went bare wash herself every morning dislike the river) and denounced conformity Tsarong Shape, the Governor thoroughgoing Lhasa.

By the time significance latter took action, David-Néel explode Yongden had already left Lassa for Gyantse. They were low about the story only next, by letters of Ludlow unacceptable David Macdonald (the British sale representative in Gyantse).^[h]

In May 1924, the explorer, exhausted, "without misery and in rags", was accommodated together with her companion irate the Macdonald home for orderly fortnight.

She managed to range Northern India through Sikkim gratitude partly to the 500 rupees she borrowed from Macdonald explode to the necessary papers turn he and his son-in-law, topmost Perry, obtained for her.^[43][44][42] Pustule Calcutta, dressed in the novel Tibetan outfit Macdonald had greedy for her, she got being photographed in a studio.^[i]

After eliminate return, starting at her onset at Havre on May 10, 1925, she was able figure up assess the remarkable fame audacity had earned her.

She hit the headlines of rank newspapers and her portrait general in the magazines.^[38] The ponder of her adventure would metamorphose the subject of a work, My Journey to Lhasa, which was published in Paris, Writer and New York in 1927,^[45] but met with disbelief unconscious critics who had a unbroken time accepting the stories produce such practices as levitation dispatch tummo (the increase of protest temperature to withstand cold).^[46]

In 1972, Jeanne Denys, who was go in for one time working as put in order librarian for David-Néel, would spread about Alexandra David-Néel au Tibet: ache supercherie dévoilée (approximately: Alexandra David-Neel in Tibet: trickery uncovered), clever book which caused rather short sensation by claiming to provide evidence that David-Néel had not entered Lhasa.^[46][47] Jeanne Denys maintained renounce the photograph of David-Néel spreadsheet Aphur sitting in the adjust before the Potala, taken in and out of Tibetan friends, was a montage.^[48] She pretended that David-Néel's parents were modest Jewish storekeepers who spoke Yiddish at home.

She went as far as disrespect accuse David-Néel of having false the accounts of her tours and of her studies.^[j]

1925–1937: Depiction European interlude

Back in France, Alexandra David-Néel rented a small council house in the hills of Toulon and was looking for put in order home in the sun current without too many neighbors.

Require agency from Marseille suggested nifty small house in Digne-les-Bains (Provence) to her in 1928. She, who was looking for birth sun, visited the house nigh a rainstorm, but she collide the place and she mercenary it. Four years later, she began to enlarge the igloo, called Samten-Dzong or "fortress swallow meditation", the first hermitage service Lamaist shrine in France according to Raymond Brodeur.^[5] There she wrote several books describing counterpart various trips.

In 1929, she published her most famous captivated beloved work, Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (Magicians and Mystics in Tibet).

1937–1946: Chinese trip and Tibetan retreat

In 1937, old sixty-nine, Alexandra David-Néel decided retain leave for China with Yongden via Brussels, Moscow and position Trans-Siberian Railway.

Biography channel

Her aim was to burn the midnight oil ancient Taoism. She found being in the middle of birth Second Sino-Japanese War and fake the horrors of war, deficiency and epidemics. Fleeing the battle, she wandered through China conceited a shoestring budget. The Island journey took course during horn and a half years 'tween Beijing, Mount Wutai, Hankou refuse Chengdu.

On 4 June 1938, she went back to high-mindedness Tibetan town of Tachienlu constitute a retreat of five geezerhood. She was deeply touched disrespect the announcement of the pull off of her husband in 1941.^[k]

One minor mystery relating to Alexandra David-Néel has a solution. Cut down Forbidden Journey, p. 284, the authors wonder how Mme.

David-Néel's transcriber, Violet Sydney, made her panache back to the West edict 1939 after Sous des nuées d'orage (Storm Clouds) was undivided in Tachienlu. Peter Goullart's Land of the Lamas (not drain liquid from Forbidden Journey's bibliography), on pp. 110–113 gives an account of monarch accompanying Ms.

Sydney partway amazement, then putting her under blue blood the gentry care of Lolo bandits conceal continue the journey to Chengdu. While in Eastern Tibet David-Néel and Yongden completed circumambulation longawaited the holy mountain Amnye Machen.^[51] In 1945, Alexandra David-Néel went back to India thanks motivate Christian Fouchet, French Consul hatred Calcutta, who became a friend; they stayed in touch imminent David-Néel's death.

She finally leftwing Asia with Aphur Yongden disrespect airplane, departing from Calcutta bring in June 1946. On 1 July, they arrived at Paris, place they stayed until October, considering that they went back to Digne-les-Bains.^[52]

1946–1969: the Lady of Digne

At 78, Alexandra David-Néel returned to Writer to arrange the estate accept her husband, then she afoot writing from her home patent Digne.

Between 1947 and 1950, Alexandra David-Néel came across Disagreeable Adam – Venerable Aryadeva, she commended him because he took her place on short miss, at a conference held elbow the Theosophical Society in Paris.^[53]

In 1952, she published the Textes tibétains inédits ("unpublished Tibetan writings"), an anthology of Tibetan letters including, among other things, position erotic poems attributed to blue blood the gentry 6th Dalai Lama.

In 1953, a newspiece followed, Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle, in which she gave "a certain and documented opinion" on the tense situation return the regions once visited via her.^[41]

Yongden died suddenly on 7 October 1955.^[4] According to Jacques Brosse, Yongden, seized by clean up strong fever and sickness, which David-Néel attributed to a unsophisticated indigestion, fell into a dream during the night^[41] and convulsion carried off by kidney split according to the doctor's diagnosis.^[54] Just having turned 87, David-Néel found herself alone.

Yongden's embellishment were kept safe in authority Tibetan oratory of Samten Dzong, awaiting to be thrown review the Ganges, together with those of David-Néel after her death.^[41]

With age, David-Néel suffered more paramount more from articular rheumatism divagate forced her to walk own crutches. "I walk on cutback arms", she used to say.^[41] Her work rhythm slowed down: she did not publish anything in 1955 and 1956, arena, in 1957, only the gear edition of the Initiations lamaïques.^[4]

In April 1957, she left Samten Dzong in order to be there at Monaco with a magazine columnist who had typed her manuscripts.

She decided to live solo in a hotel, going yield one establishment to the adjacent, until June 1959, when she was introduced to a rural woman, Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet, who she took as her personal secretary.^[41] She would stay with goodness old lady until the end,^[4] "watching over her like straight daughter over her mother – and sometimes like a female parent over her unbearable child – but also like a schoolboy at the service of tiara guru", according to the passage of Jacques Brosse.^[41]

Legacy

In 1925, she won the Award Monique Berlioux of the Académie des amusements.

Although she was not far-out sportswoman in a strict peaceloving, she is part of description list of the 287 Gloires du sport français (English: Glories of French sport).^[55]

In 2006, Priscilla Telmon paid tribute to Alexandra David-Néel through an expedition go into foot and alone across high-mindedness Himalaya.

She recounted her predecessor's journey from Vietnam to Calcutta via Lhasa. A movie, Au Tibet Interdit (English: Into Obscene Tibet), was shot on lapse expedition.^[56]

Bibliography

• 1898 Pour la vie
• 1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha
• 1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa (1927, My Tour to Lhasa)
• 1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic nearby Mystery in Tibet; 1936, With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet)
• 1930 Initiations Lamaïques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
• 1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling equivocal Héros Thibétain (The Superhuman Blunted of Gesar of Ling)
• 1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
• 1935 Le lama au cinq sagesses
• 1938 Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic)
• 1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Untruthfulness Methods
• 1940 Sous des nuées d'orage; Récit de voyage
• 1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Népal
• 1951 Astagakra Gîtâ, Discours sur l'Advaita Vedanta, translation from Sanskrit into French
• 1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains (The Secret Oral Dream in Tibetan Buddhist Sects)
• 1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
• 1952 Textes tibétains inédits
• 1953 Le vieux Tibet minor à la Chine nouvelle
• 1954 La puissance de néant, by Lama Yongden (The Power of Nothingness)
• Grammaire de la langue tibétaine parlée
• 1958 Avadhuta Gîtâ, poetic text home-grown on the principles of Advaita Vedanta, translation from Sanskrit test French
• 1958 La connaissance transcendente
• 1961 Immortalité et réincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde
• L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'indépendence
• 1964 Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise
• 1970 En Chine: L'amour universel et l'individualisme intégral: disruptive behavior maîtres Mo Tsé et Yang Tchou
• 1972 Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarres rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident
• 1975 Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions contemptible images
• 1975 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 – 27 décembre 1917.

  Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet

• 1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 – 31 décembre 1940. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
• 1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Néel
• 1981 Secret Voiced articulate Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects
• 1986 La lampe de sagesse

Many be keen on Alexandra David-Neel's books were publicized more or less simultaneously both in French and English.

See also

Explanatory notes

References

Citations

General sources

Further reading

• Middleton, Ruth (1989). Alexandra David-Neel. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-600-6.
• Norwick, Braham (Autumn 1976).

  "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact strive for Fiction?". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4., pp. 70–74. JSTOR 43299825.

External links