Philip ii augustus biography of albert einstein

King of Author from 1180 to 1223

"Philippe Auguste" redirects here. For the Town Métro station, see Philippe Auguste (Paris Métro).

Philip II
Seal of Philip II. The version reads: phillipvs dei gratia francorvm rex ("Philip, by the grace of Deity, king of the Franks")
Reign	18 Sept 1180 – 14 July 1223
Coronation	1 Nov 1179 (as co-king)
Predecessor	Louis VII
Successor	Louis VIII
Born	21 August 1165 Gonesse, France
Died	14 July 1223(1223-07-14) (aged 57) Mantes-la-Jolie, France
Burial	Basilica of St Denis
Spouses
Issue more...
House	Capet
Father	Louis VII of France
Mother	Adela of Champagne

Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), also make public as Philip Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), was King of Author from 1180 to 1223.

Circlet predecessors had been known whilst kings of the Franks (Latin: rex Francorum), but from 1190 onward, Philip became the foremost French monarch to style yourself "King of France" (rex Francie).^[a] The son of King Gladiator VII and his third bride, Adela of Champagne, he was originally nicknamed 'God-given' (Dieudonné) as he was a first youth and born late in queen father's life.

Philip was vulnerable alive to the epithet "Augustus" by greatness chronicler Rigord for having extensive the crown lands of Writer so remarkably.

After decades annotation conflicts with the House break into Plantagenet, Philip succeeded in anyway an end to the Frenchman Empire by defeating a unification of his rivals at honourableness Battle of Bouvines in 1214.

This victory would have unblended lasting impact on western Denizen politics: the authority of rectitude French king became unchallenged, after a long time the English King John was forced by his barons practice assent to Magna Carta delighted deal with a rebellion admit him aided by Philip's girl Louis, the First Barons' Combat. The military actions surrounding interpretation Albigensian Crusade helped prepare depiction expansion of France southward.

Prince did not participate directly fit in these actions, but he lawful his vassals and knights call on help carry them out.

Philip transformed France into the first prosperous and powerful country make out Europe. He checked the strength of character of the nobles and helped the towns free themselves let alone seigneurial authority, granting privileges humbling liberties to the emergent around.

He built a great fortification around Paris ("the Wall give a miss Philip II Augustus"), re-organised character French government, and brought fiscal stability to his country.

Early years

Philip was born in Gonesse on 21 August 1165, rectitude son of Louis VII reprove Adela of Champagne.

He was nicknamed "Dieudonné" (God-given) being representation first born son, arriving futile in his father's life.^[8] Curb 1173, the Emperor Frederick Corsair proposed to marry his female child, Beatrice (born c. 1163), to Prince. The proposal was successfully unwilling by Pope Alexander III, by reason of at the time Barbarossa proper a rival pope in Callixtus III.

Louis intended to make Prince co-ruler with him, in giving with the traditions of representation House of Capet, but these plans were delayed when Prince became ill after a search trip.

His father went verbal abuse pilgrimage to the shrine be more or less Thomas Becket in Canterbury Religion to pray for Philip's rehabilitation, and was told that circlet son had indeed recovered. Yet, on his way back give out Paris, the king suffered a-ok stroke.

In declining health, Louis Figure had 14-year-old Philip crowned existing anointed as king at Reims on 1 November 1179 spawn ArchbishopWilliam of the White Get your skates on.

Philip was married on 28 April 1180 to Isabella nigh on Hainault, the daughter of Enumerate Baldwin V of Hainaut charge Countess Margaret I of Flanders. Isabella brought the County declining Artois as her dowry. Goodness marriage was held at Bapaume, with the bishops of Senlis and Laon in attendance.

From birth time of his coronation, come to blows real power was transferred sort Philip, as his father's benefit slowly declined.

The great peerage were dissatified with Philip's profitable marriage. His mother and join uncles, all of whom acquainted enormous influence over Louis, were extremely unhappy with his acquirement of the throne since Prince had taken the royal honour from his father. Louis in a good way on 18 September 1180.

Consolidation remove the royal demesne

The royal lands had increased under Philip Unrestrainable and Louis VI, but abstruse slightly diminished under Louis Sevener.

The first major increase add up the royal demesne came be grateful for 1185, when Philip acquired say publicly County of Amiens. He purchased the County of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis deduct 1218, and following the wasting of Robert I, Count unknot Alençon in 1219, Philip transmitted copied the city and county make known Alençon.

Philip's eldest son, Prizefighter, inherited the County of Artois in 1190 when Queen Isabella died.

Royal army

The main source chuck out funding for Philip's army was the royal demesne. In present of conflict, he could without delay call up 250 knights, 250 horse sergeants, 100 mounted crossbowmen, 133 crossbowmen on foot, 2,000-foot sergeants, and 300 mercenaries.

For the end of his hegemony, the king could muster varied 3,000 knights, 9,000 sergeants, 6,000 urban militiamen, and thousands go along with foot sergeants. Using his add-on revenues, Philip was the chief Capetian king to build practised French navy actively. By 1215, his fleet could carry skilful total of 7,000 men. Favoured two years, his fleet limited in number 10 large ships and hang around smaller ones.

Expulsion of Jews

Reversing enthrone father's tolerance and protection tactic Jews, Philip in 1180 spick-and-span French Jews to be bare of their valuables, ransomed tell off converted to Christianity on aching of further taxation.

In Apr 1182, partially to enrich rectitude French crown, he expelled depreciation Jews from the demesne discipline confiscated their goods. Philip expelled them from the royal manor in July 1182 and difficult to understand Jewish houses in Paris broken to make way for probity Les Halles market. The studying were profitable in the temporary, the ransoms alone bringing reaction 15,000 marks and enriching Christians at the expense of Jews.

Ninety-nine Jews were burned among the living in Brie-Comte-Robert. In 1198 Prince allowed Jews to return.

Wars substitution his vassals

In 1181, a opposition arose between Philip and Reckoning Philip I of Flanders take up the Vermandois, which King Prince claimed as his wife's subvention.

Finally the Count of Flanders invaded France, ravaging the entire district between the Somme come first the Oise before penetrating gorilla far as Dammartin. Notified time off Philip's approach with 2,000 knights, he headed back to Flanders. Philip chased him, and rendering two armies confronted each bottle up near Amiens. By this folio, Philip had managed to war the ambitions of the total by breaking his alliances ordain Duke Henry I of Brabant and the Archbishop of Balminess, Philipp von Heinsberg.

This, motivation with an uncertain outcome were he to engage the Gallic in battle, forced the Esteem to conclude a peace. Contain July 1185, the Treaty presumption Boves left the disputed occupancy partitioned, with Amiénois, Artois, elitist numerous other places passing find time for the king, and the relic, with the county of Vermandois proper, left provisionally to interpretation Count of Flanders.

It was during this time that Prince II was nicknamed "Augustus" via the monk Rigord for augmenting French lands.

Meanwhile, in 1184, Author I, Count of Sancerre essential his Brabançon mercenaries ravaged justness Orléanais. Philip defeated him accommodate the aid of the Confrères de la Paix.

War occur Henry II

A disagreement arose in the middle of Philip and King Henry II of England, who was as well Count of Anjou and Aristocrat of Normandy and Aquitaine newest France.

The death of Henry's eldest son, Henry the Ant King, in June 1183, began a dispute over the talents of Philip's widowed sister Margaret.^{[citation needed]} Philip insisted that nobleness dowry should be returned thesis France as the marriage blunt not produce any children, ready to go the betrothal agreement.

The kings would hold conferences scoff at the foot of an wipe the floor with tree near Gisors, which was so positioned that it would overshadow each monarch's territory, on the contrary to no avail.^{[citation needed]} Prince pushed the case further like that which King Béla III of Magyarorszag asked for the widow's helping hand in marriage, and thus repulse dowry had to be correlative, to which Henry finally agreed.^{[citation needed]}

The death of Henry's son, Geoffrey II, Duke suffer defeat Brittany, began a new focus of disputes, as Henry insisted that he retain the duty of the duchy for culminate unborn grandson Arthur I, Aristocrat of Brittany.

Philip, as Henry's liege lord, objected, stating guarantee he should be the suitable guardian until the birth announcement the child.^{[citation needed]} Philip mistreatment raised the issue of enthrone other sister, Alys, Countess carry out Vexin, and her delayed engagement to Henry's son Richard Unrestrained of England, nicknamed Richard picture Lionheart.^{[citation needed]}

With these grievances, duo years of combat followed (1186–1188), but the situation remained same.

Philip initially allied with Henry's young sons Richard the Lionheart and John, who were pierce rebellion against their father. Rendering first attempt to seriously exam Henry's resolve came when Prince II launched an attack tolerance Berry in the summer funding 1187 and captured the citadel of Issoudun, but by June made a truce with Speechmaker, which left Issoudun in Philip's hands while also granting him Fréteval in Vendômois.

Though primacy truce was for two epoch, Philip found grounds for resuming hostilities in the summer addict 1188 and succeeded in annexation Châteauroux. He skillfully exploited rendering estrangement between Henry and Richard, and Richard did homage resolve him voluntarily at Bonsmoulins note November 1188.

In 1189, as Henry's health was failing, Richard unreservedly joined forces with Philip pick up drive him into submission.

They chased him from Le Mans to Saumur, capturing Tours place in the process, before forcing him to acknowledge Richard as emperor heir. Finally, by the Entente of Azay-le-Rideau (4 July 1189), Henry was forced to revolutionize his own homage, confirm prestige cession of Issoudun to Prince (along with Graçay), and give up his claim to suzerainty direct Auvergne.

Henry died two date later. His death and honourableness news of the fall carry Jerusalem to Saladin, diverted affliction from the Franco-English war.

The Angevin kings of England (the line of rulers to which Henry II belonged), were Philip's most powerful and dangerous vassals as Dukes of Normandy jaunt Aquitaine and Counts of Anjou. Philip made it his life's work to destroy Angevin's autonomy in France.

One of tiara most effective tools was sentinel befriend all of Henry's offspring and use them to generate rebellion against their father. Perform maintained friendships with Henry high-mindedness Young King and Geoffrey, Marquess of Brittany until their deaths. Indeed, at Geoffrey's funeral, fiasco was so overcome with pain that he had to flaw forcibly restrained from casting yourself into the grave.

He down-and-out off his friendships with Henry's other sons Richard and Lav as each ascended to excellence English throne.

Third Crusade

Philip cosmopolitan to the Holy Land bare participate in the Third Mission of 1189–1192 with King Richard I of England and Desolate Roman Emperor Frederick I Corsair, leaving Vézelay with his soldiers on 4 July 1190.

Pass on first, the French and Unambiguously crusaders travelled together, but integrity armies split at Lyon make sure of Richard decided to go dampen sea from Marseille, whereas Prince took the overland route humiliate the Alps to Genoa. Authority French and English armies were reunited in Messina, where they wintered together.

On 30 Advance 1191, the French set walk out for the Holy Land attend to on 20 April Philip appeared at Acre, which was as of now under siege by a auxiliary contingent of crusaders, and dirt started to construct siege money before Richard arrived on 8 June. By the time Akka surrendered on 12 July, Prince was severely ill with rivulet, which reduced his zeal.

Guaranty with Richard were further artificial after the latter acted return a haughty manner after Quell fell to the crusaders.

More importantly, the siege of Quell resulted in the death realize Philip, Count of Flanders, who held the county of Vermandois proper. His death threatened run on derail the Treaty of Gisors that Philip had orchestrated touch upon isolate the powerful Blois-Champagne group.

Philip decided to return term paper France to settle the dash of succession in Flanders, wonderful decision that displeased Richard, who said, "It is a contempt and a disgrace on furious lord if he goes whittle away at without having finished the fold that brought him hither. On the contrary still, if he finds bodily in bad health, or recapitulate afraid lest he should give in here, his will be done."^{[This quote needs a citation]} Confiscation 31 July 1191, the Nation army of 10,000 men (along with 5,000 silver marks fulfil pay the soldiers) remained problem Outremer under the command nigh on Duke Hugh III of Vino.

Philip and his cousin Prick of Courtenay, Count of Nevers, made their way to Setto, where Philip protested to Holy father Celestine III (to no avail) of Richard's abusive manner, take precedence from there returned to Writer. The decision to return was also fuelled by the apprehension that with Richard campaigning dull the Holy Land, English material goods in northern France would produce open to attack.

After Richard's delayed return home, the fighting between England and France would ensue over the possession wages English-controlled territories.

Conflict with England, Flanders and the Holy Established Empire

Conflict with Richard the Lionheart, 1191–1199

The immediate cause of Philip's conflict with Richard the Lionheart stemmed from Richard's decision habitation break his betrothal with Philip's sister Alys at Messina organize 1191.

Some of Alys's acquaint with that had been given supercilious to Richard during their meeting was part of the locale of Vexin. This should be endowed with reverted to Philip upon representation end of the betrothal, nevertheless Philip, to prevent the disgrace of the Crusade, agreed put off this territory was to linger in Richard's hands and would be inherited by his human race descendants.

Should Richard die in need an heir, the territory would return to Philip, and venture Philip died without an heiress, those lands would be accounted a part of Normandy.

Returning eyeball France in late 1191, Prince began plotting to find a- way to have those territories restored to him. He was in a difficult situation, since he had taken an undertake solemnly not to attack Richard's manor while he was away partiality a crusade.

The Third Expedition ordained territory under the entrust of the Church in woman on the clapham omnibus event. Philip was unsuccessful lessening requesting a release from circlet oath from Pope Celestine Trio, so he was forced keep build his own casus belli.

On 20 January 1192, Prince met William FitzRalph, Richard's foot-boy for Normandy.

Presenting some dossier purporting to be from Richard, Philip claimed that the Morally king had agreed at Metropolis to hand disputed lands look the other way to France. Not having heard anything directly from their empress, FitzRalph and the Norman barons rejected Philip's claim to Vexin. Philip at this time too began spreading rumours about Richard's action in the east covenant discredit the English king imprisoned the eyes of his subjects.

Among the stories Philip cooked-up included Richard being involved have as a feature treacherous communication with Saladin, alleging he had conspired to practise the fall of Gaza, Metropolis, and Ascalon, and that recognized had participated in the homicide of Conrad of Montferrat. In the end, Philip made contact with Gents, Richard's brother, whom he definite to join the conspiracy attack overthrow the legitimate king arrive at England.

At the start corporeal 1193, John visited Philip welloff Paris, where he paid high esteem for Richard's continental lands. Like that which word reached Philip that Richard had finished crusading and difficult to understand been captured on his barrier back from the Holy Terra firma, he promptly invaded Vexin. Fulfil first target was the fastness of Gisors, commanded by Architect de Vascoeuil, which surrendered outofdoors putting up a struggle.

Prince then penetrated deep into Normandy, reaching as far as Dieppe. To keep the duplicitous Gents on his side, Philip entrusted him with the defence trap the town of Évreux. Wait, Philip was joined by Snub Baldwin IX of Flanders, suggest together they laid siege close to Rouen, the ducal capital see Normandy. Here, Philip's advance was halted by a defence straighttalking by the Earl of Metropolis.

Unable to penetrate this defend, Philip moved on.

At Mantes on 9 July 1193, Prince came to terms with Richard's ministers, who agreed that Prince could keep his gains bear would be given some further territories if he ceased work hard further aggressive actions in Normandy, along with the condition lapse Philip would hand back nobility captured territory if Richard would pay homage.

To prevent Richard from spoiling their plans, Prince and John attempted to graft Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI in order to keep decency English king captive for adroit little while longer. Henry refused, and Richard was released free yourself of captivity on 4 February 1194. By 13 March Richard locked away returned to England, and hard 12 May he had confiscation sail for Normandy with dried out 300 ships, eager to commit oneself Philip in war.

Philip had debilitated this time consolidating his defensive gains and by now rational much of Normandy east surrounding the Seine, while remaining middle striking distance of Rouen.

Sovereign next objective was the redoubt of Verneuil, which had withstood an earlier siege. Once Richard arrived at Barfleur, he before long marched towards Verneuil. As consummate forces neared the castle, Prince, who had been unable in close proximity to break through, decided to thrash camp. Leaving a large question behind to prosecute the besiegement, he moved off towards Évreux, which John had handed on to his brother to authenticate his loyalty.

Philip retook illustriousness town and sacked it, on the contrary during this time, his support at Verneuil abandoned the and Richard entered the citadel unopposed on 30 May. In every nook June, while Philip's campaign dirt to a halt in prestige north, Richard was taking straight number of important fortresses more the south. Philip, eager be relieve the pressure off culminate allies in the south, marched to confront Richard's forces struggle Vendôme.

Refusing to risk the natural world in a major battle, Prince retreated, only to have crown rear guard caught at Fréteval on 3 July. This Skirmish of Fréteval turned into smashing general encounter in which Prince barely managed to avoid withhold as his army was cause to flight. Fleeing back nominate Normandy, Philip avenged himself tenacity the English by attacking nobleness forces of John and rectitude Earl of Arundel, seizing their baggage train.

By now both sides were tiring, and they agreed to the temporary Lull of Tillières.

The war resumed advance 1195 when Philip once regulate besieged Verneuil. He continued picture siege in secret as Richard arrived to negotiate in person; when Richard found out, sharptasting swore revenge and left. Prince now pressed his advantage escort northeastern Normandy, where he conducted a raid at Dieppe, earnest the English ships in rectitude harbor while repulsing an beat up by Richard at the come to time.

Philip now marched south into the Berry region. Top primary objective was the castle of Issoudun, which had belligerent been captured by Richard's moneyoriented commander, Mercadier. The French addiction took the town and was besieging the castle when Richard stormed through French lines allow made his way in sort out reinforce the garrison, while rot the same time, another legions was approaching Philip's supply hang around.

Philip called off his invasion, and another truce was agreed; the Treaty of Louviers.

The contest slowly turned against Philip greater than the course of the following three years. Political and brave conditions seemed promising at dignity start of 1196 when Richard's nephew Arthur I, Duke deal in Brittany ended up in Philip's hands, and he won depiction Siege of Aumale despite scheme attempt from Richard to cooperate it, but Philip's good gamble did not last.

Richard won over a key ally, Solon of Flanders, in 1197. Interpretation same year, the Holy Weighty Emperor Henry VI died spell was succeeded by Otto IV, Richard's nephew, who put newborn pressure on Philip. Finally, myriad Norman lords were switching sides and returning to Richard's encampment. This was the state neat as a new pin affairs when Philip launched sovereignty campaign of 1198 with rest attack on Vexin that was pushed back and then compounded by the Flemish invasion signify Artois which diverted his concentration elsewhere.

On 27 September, Richard entered Vexin, taking Courcelles-sur-Seine move Boury-en-Vexin before returning to Dangu. Philip, believing that Courcelles was still holding out, went inspire its relief. Discovering what was happening, Richard decided to charge the French king's forces, transmittable Philip by surprise. Philip's soldiers withdrew and attempted to border on the fortress of Gisors.

Concentrated together, the French knights involve king Philip attempted to crossbreed the Epte River on calligraphic bridge that promptly collapsed answerable to their weight, almost drowning Prince in the process. He was dragged out of the series and shut himself up creepy-crawly Gisors, having successfully evaded Richard and reinforced the fortress.

Philip in the near future planned a new offensive, launch destructive raids into Normandy current again targeting Évreux which prohibited captured and sacked.

Richard countered Philip's thrust with a answer in Vexin, while Mercadier outside a raid on Abbeville. Mass autumn 1198, Richard had regained almost all that had archaic lost in 1193. With righteousness warring sides in a standoff, Philip offered a truce thus that discussions could begin to about a more permanent peace, operate the offer that he would return all of the territories except for Gisors.

In mid-January 1199, the two kings tumble for a final meeting, Richard standing on the deck interpret a boat, and Philip conception on the banks of ethics Seine River. Shouting terms win each other, they could need reach an agreement on decency terms of a permanent ceasefire, but they did agree be acquainted with further mediation, which resulted divert a five-year truce that booked.

Later in 1199, Richard was killed during a siege all over one of his vassals.

Conflict with John of England, 1200–1206

Main articles: Normandy campaigns of 1200–1204 and Anglo-French War (1202–1214)

In Could 1200, Philip signed the Tighten of Le Goulet with Richard's successor John. The treaty was meant to bring peace finish off Normandy by settling the petty of its much-reduced boundaries.

Rectitude terms of John's vassalage were not only for Normandy, on the contrary also for Anjou, Maine, topmost Touraine. John agreed to compact terms, including the abandonment style all the English possessions pressure Berry and 20,000 marks not later than silver, while Philip in journey recognized John as king decompose England, formally abandoning Arthur always Brittany's candidacy, whom he difficult to understand hitherto supported, recognizing instead John's suzerainty over the Duchy work for Brittany.

To seal the be devoted to, a marriage between Blanche returns Castile, John's niece, and Prizefighter the Lion, Philip's son, was contracted.

This agreement did troupe bring warfare to an defeat in France, however, since John's mismanagement of Aquitaine led rank province to rebel later get through to 1200, a disturbance that Prince secretly encouraged.

To disguise coronet ambitions, Philip invited John approximately a conference at Andely focus on then entertained him at Town, and both times he long-standing to complying with the entente. In 1202, disaffected patrons petitioned the French king to call together John to answer their assessment in his capacity as John's feudal lord in France. Trick refused to appear, so Prince again took up Arthur light Brittany's claims to the Side throne as well as betrothing him to his six-year-old damsel Marie.

In retaliation, John crosstown over into Normandy and consummate forces soon captured Arthur, by all accounts as well as Arthur's keep alive Eleanor. In 1203, Arthur mislaid, with most people believing delay John had had him murdered. The outcry over Arthur's god`s will saw an increase in within walking distance opposition to John, which Prince used to his advantage.

Inaccuracy took to the offensive fairy story, apart from a five-month box of Andely, swept all at one time him. After Andely surrendered, Lav fled to England. By decency end of 1204, most take up Normandy and the Angevin manor, including much of Aquitaine, locked away fallen into Philip's hands. Prince requested John release Eleanor penalty Brittany, claiming that she was to be his daughter-in-law, on the other hand to no avail.

What Prince had gained through victory compile war, he sought to ratify by legal means. Philip, correct acting as John's liege ruler over his French lands, summoned him to appear before decency Court of the Twelve Peerage of France to answer transfer Arthur's murder. John requested intact conduct, but Philip only arranged to allow him to getting in peace, while providing mix up with his return only if return were allowed after the imprecision of his peers.

Not compliant to risk his life endorsement such a guarantee, John refused to appear, so Philip immediately dispossessed the English of try to make an impression lands. Pushed by his barons, John eventually launched an inroad of northern France in 1206, disembarking with his army soughtafter La Rochelle during one characteristic Philip's absences, but the offensive ended in disaster.

After assistance out of a conference guarantee he himself had demanded, Toilet eventually bargained at Thouars call a two-year truce, the be inattentive of which was his covenant to the chief provisions tactic the judgment of the Have a crack of Peers, including a drain of his patrimony.

Alliances break the rules Philip, 1208–1213

In 1208, Philip disruption Swabia, the successful candidate envisage become Holy Roman Emperor, was assassinated.

As a result, prestige imperial crown was given respect his rival Otto IV, prestige nephew of King John. Otto, prior to his accession, confidential promised to help John save his lost possessions in Writer, but circumstances prevented him exotic making good on his order. By 1212, both John stand for Otto were engaged in force struggles against Pope Innocent III: John over his refusal take upon yourself accept the papal nomination replace the archbishop of Canterbury, essential Otto over his attempt in all directions strip King Frederick II translate Germany of the Kingdom hold sway over Sicily.

Philip decided to rest advantage of this situation, important in Germany, where he assisted the German noble rebellion choose by ballot support of the young Town. John immediately threw England's pressure behind Otto, and Philip right now saw his chance to set a successful invasion of England.

In order to secure decency cooperation of all his vassals in his plans for representation invasion, Philip denounced John little an enemy of the Religion, thereby justifying his attack although motivated solely by religious conscience.

He summoned an assembly firm French barons at Soissons, which was well attended. The solitary exception was Count Ferdinand exert a pull on Flanders, who refused out declining anger over the loss time off the towns of Aire tell Saint-Omer that had been captured by Philip's son Louis interpretation Lion. He would not have a hand in in any campaign until recognized was restored to his old lands.

Philip was eager appeal prove his loyalty to Havoc and thus secure papal prop for his planned invasion, declared at Soissons a reconciliation converge his estranged wife Ingeborg grip Denmark, which the popes confidential been promoting. The barons comprehensively supported his plan, and they all gathered their forces brook prepared to join with Prince at the agreed rendezvous.

Tradition all of this, Philip remained in constant communication with Pandulf Verraccio, the papal legate, who was encouraging Philip to hunt after his objective. Verraccio however was also holding secret discussions exact King John. Advising the Even-handedly king of his precarious corner, he persuaded John to thrust aside his opposition to papal enthronisation and agreed to accept loftiness papal legate's decision in some ecclesiastical disputes as final.

Encompass return, the pope agreed manage accept the Kingdom of England and the Lordship of Hibernia as papal fiefs, which Closet would rule as the pope's vassal, and for which Can would do homage to loftiness pope.

No sooner had probity treaty between John and interpretation pope been ratified in Might 1213 than Verraccio announced agree Philip that he would conspiracy to abandon his expedition be realistic John, since to attack well-ordered faithful vassal of the Wretched See would be a subject sin.

Philip argued in boastful that his plans had back number drawn up with the concur of Rome, that his ramble was in support of bookkeeping authority that he only undertook on the understanding that filth would gain a plenary indulgence; he had spent a casual preparing for the expedition. Character papal legate remained unmoved, on the other hand Verraccio did suggest an different.

The Count of Flanders difficult to understand denied Philip's right to eloquent war on England while Potentate John was still excommunicated, service that his disobedience needed revivify be punished. Philip eagerly general the advice, and quickly marched at the head of fillet troops into the territory extent Flanders.

Battle of Bouvines, 1214

The French fleet proceeded first take in Gravelines and then to leadership port of Damme.

Meanwhile, illustriousness army marched by Cassel, Ypres, and Bruges before laying box to Ghent. Hardly had leadership siege begun when Philip surmise from that the English fleet difficult to understand captured a number of queen ships at Damme and depart the rest were so close blockaded in its harbour ditch it was impossible for them to escape.

He ordered nobility fleet to be burned have it in for prevent it from falling go through enemy hands.

The destruction of rendering French fleet had once brush up raised John's hopes, so misstep began preparing for an foray of France and a reconquest of his lost provinces. Rendering English barons were initially half-hearted about the expedition, which behindhand his departure, so it was not until February 1214 put off he disembarked at La Rochelle.

John was to advance deseed the Loire, while his invariable Otto IV made a correlated attack from Flanders, together come to get the Count of Flanders. Probity three armies did not codify their efforts effectively. It was not until John had antique disappointed in his hope nurture an easy victory after existence driven from Roche-au-Moine and esoteric retreated to his transports go wool-gathering the Imperial Army, with Otto at its head, assembled satisfaction the Low Countries.

On 27 July 1214, the opposing sitting duck suddenly discovered that they were in close proximity to reminder another, on the banks disrespect a little tributary of primacy River Lys, near the stop in full flow at Bouvines. It being nifty Sunday, Philip did not look forward the allied army to dispute, as it was considered unhallowed to fight on the Sabbath.

Philip's army numbered some 7,000, while the allied forces obsessed around 9,000 troops. The register clashed at what became become public as the Battle of Bouvines. Philip was unhorsed by primacy Flemish pikemen in the warmness of battle, and were fissure not for his mail force he would have probably antiquated killed.

When Otto was proceed on off the field by coronet wounded and terrified horse, dominant the Count of Flanders was severely wounded and taken take captive, the Flemish and Imperial garrison saw that the battle was lost, turned, and fled goodness field. The French did classify pursue.

Philip returned to Paris earn, marching his captive prisoners depository him in a long cavalcade, as his grateful subjects came out to greet the champion king.

In the aftermath virtuous the battle, Otto retreated stop with his castle of Harzburg reprove was soon overthrown as Inappropriate Roman Emperor, to be replaced by Frederick II. Count Ferdinand remained imprisoned following his turnup for the books, while King John's attempt run into rebuild the Angevin Empire overfed in complete failure.

Philip's decisive achievement was crucial in shaping Epic European politics in both England and France.

In England, honesty defeated John was so thinned that he was soon prearranged to submit to the emphasis of his barons and let somebody in on Magna Carta, which limited interpretation power of the crown don established the basis for usual law. The Battle of Bouvines marked the end of influence Angevin Empire.

Marital problems

After the inopportune death of Isabella of Hainault in childbirth in 1190, Prince decided to marry again.

Type decided on Ingeborg, daughter conduct operations King Valdemar I of Danmark, who received 10,000 marks vacation silver as a dowry. Prince met her at Amiens send for 14 August 1193 and they were married that same fair. At the feast of description Assumption of the Virgin, Archbishop Guillaume of Reims crowned both Philip and Ingeborg. During rendering ceremony, Philip was pale, bashful, and could not wait tail the ceremony to end.

Closest the ceremony, he had Ingeborg sent to the convent cherished Saint-Maur-des-Fosses and asked Pope Celestine III for an annulment acclamation the grounds of non-consummation. Prince had not reckoned with Ingeborg, however; she insisted that grandeur marriage had been consummated, explode that she was his bride and the rightful queen round France.

The Franco-Danish churchman William of Æbelholt intervened on Ingeborg's side, drawing up a extraction of the Danish kings give rise to disprove the alleged impediment admit consanguinity.

In the meantime, Philip esoteric sought a new bride. Prime agreement had been reached propound him to marry Margaret, lassie of Count William I hint Geneva, but the young bride's journey to Paris was disciplined by Thomas, Count of Savoy, who kidnapped Philip's intended additional wife and married her as an alternative, claiming that Philip was by this time bound in marriage.

Philip eventually achieved a third marriage hem in June 1196, when he was married to Agnes of Merania from Dalmatia. Their children were Marie and Philip, Count a few Clermont.

Pope Innocent III declared Prince Augustus' marriage to Agnes cut into Merania null and void, although he was still married cut into Ingeborg.

He ordered the nice-looking to part from Agnes, dominant when he did not, illustriousness pope placed France under more than ever interdict in 1199. This long until 7 September 1200. Owed to pressure from the bishop of rome, Ingeborg's brother King Valdemar II of Denmark and ultimately Agnes' death in 1201, Philip lastly took Ingeborg back as fillet wife, but it would howl be until 1213 that she would be recognized at pay court to as queen.

Appearance and personality

The single known description of Philip describes him as "a handsome, energetic fellow, with a cheerful combat of ruddy complexion, and exceptional temperament much inclined towards good-living, wine, and women.

He was generous to his friends, watch your waistline towards those who displeased him, well-versed in the art interrupt stratagem, orthodox in belief, discerning and stubborn in his resolves. He made judgments with amassed speed and exactitude. Fortune's preferred, fearful for his life, simply excited and easily placated, dirt was very tough with brawny men who resisted him, current took pleasure in provoking strife among them.

Never, however, outspoken he cause an adversary disrespect die in prison. He collide to employ humble men, want be the subduer of probity proud, the defender of character Church, and feeder of leadership poor".

Issue

Later years

When Pope Innocent Triad called for a crusade wreck the "Albigensians", or Cathars, march in Languedoc in 1208, Philip sincere nothing to support it, although he did not stop potentate nobles from joining in.

Glory war against the Cathars exact not end until 1244, as their last strongholds were lastly captured. The fruits of significance victory, the submission of loftiness south of France to integrity crown, were to be reaped by Philip's son Louis Eight and grandson Louis IX. Propagate 1216 to 1222, Philip too arbitrated in the War fall for the Succession of Champagne trip finally helped the military efforts of Duke Odo III introduce Burgundy and Holy Roman Empress Frederick II to bring be patient to an end.

Philip II Augustus played a significant carve up in one of the heart centuries of innovation in business and education in France. Ordain Paris as his capital, significant had the main thoroughfares smooth, built a central market, Reproach Halles, continued the construction afoot in 1163 of Notre-Dame refrain from Paris, constructed the first embodiment of the Louvre as systematic fortress, and gave a rental to the University of Town in 1200.

Under his teaching, Paris became the first sweep of teachers the medieval terra knew. In 1224, the Nation poet Henry d'Andeli wrote own up the great wine-tasting competition focus Philip II Augustus commissioned, magnanimity Battle of the Wines.

Philip II fell ill in Sep 1222 and had a testament choice made, but carried on outstrip his itinerary, but travelling misrepresent hot weather the next summertime resulted in a fever.

Prestige king recovered and felt athletic enough to resume his quieten down activity of touring his field. The partial return of her majesty health prompted him to ingroup to Paris on 13 July 1223, against the advice dominate his physician. The journey cubic too much for him lecture he died en route say publicly next day, in Mantes-la-Jolie, conflict the age of 57.

Circlet body was carried to Town on a bier. He was interred in the Basilica use your indicators St Denis in the closeness of his son and inheritor, Louis VIII, as well bring in his illegitimate son Philip Uproarious, Count of Boulogne and Can of Brienne, the King signify Jerusalem.

Notes

References

Sources